• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1994

Pathogenic fungal species associated with apple anthracnose were studied with diseased fruits collected over two major apple growing areas from 1986 to 1988. Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, c. gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. and Glomerella cingulata(Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk were identified based on their mycological characteristics. C. acutatum could be easily differentiated from C. gloeosporioides by producing their fusiform conidia and developing apricot∼salmon colony colors, non-forming an ascigerous stages. Growth rate of C. acutatum were slow in plate culture. The three species of anthracnose fungi tested caused apple rot. Symptoms produced by C. gloeosporioides were larger than those of the others. C. gloeosporioides and G. cingulata produced rot lesions on apples that appeared became brown and later black, but C. acutatum produced rot lesions appeared yellowish brown and later reddish brown. G. cingulata has the major species responsible for apple anthracnose, epidemics in Korea.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 1995

Anthracnose fungi associated with soybean (Glycine max), small red bean (Vigna angularis), and green bean (Phaseolus radiatus var. aurea) were compared with respect to cultural characteristics, morphological aspects, and pathogenicity. From the legumes, four different species of Colletotrichum were identified based on their morphological characters : C. truncatum, C. destructivum, C. trifolii and C. gloeosporioides. Colonies of Colletotrichum spp.on culture media varied in colour and growth habits depending upon the media and isolates. In general, formation of conidia, setae, and perithecia on water agar leaf medium was better than that on potato dextrose agar medium under near ultraviolet light. In cross inoculation tests, isolates of C. truncatum, c. destructivum, C. trifolii and C. gloeosporioides could infect soybean, small red bean, and green bean at different growth stages. There were some differences in pathogenicity or susceptibility depending on crops tested. C. truncatum was the most virulent and major pathogenic species among the four species.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 2004

We developed a polyclonal antibody (PAh) based- ELISA system to accurately and rapidly monitor inocula on plant surface before onset of anthracnose. Titer of mouse antisera against conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was determined by using indirect ELISA. It was high enough to be detectable up to ${\times}$ 12,800 dilutions. Absorbance readings exceeded (1.5even at a 10$^{-5}$ dilution. Sensitivity of PAb was precise enough to detect spore concentration as low as 50 conidia/well by indirect ELISA. PAb1 and PAb2 proved to be very sensitive and highly specific to the target pathogen, C. gloeosporioides, apparently discriminating other unrelated pathogens, or epiphytes. Absorbance values for original isolate exceeded 1.0, but no reaction was detected with other isolates, except three other anthracnose fungi: C. gloeosporioides (pepper strain), Glomerella cingulata (apple strain) and C. lagenarium. Our data suggest that PAb1 and PAb2 bind with the protein epitope that partially contains residues of amino acid, arginine, and Iysine. This kit fulfills the require-ments for detecting inoculums before infection and during onset of anthracnose on sweet persimmon.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2023

The cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway plays important roles in the dissemination and infection of several plant pathogenic fungi. However, its roles in the pepper fruit anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum scovillei remain uninvestigated. In this study, the major components of the CWI signaling pathway-CsMCK1 (MAPKKK), CsMKK1 (MAPKK), and CsMPS1 (MAPK)-were functionally characterized in C. scovillei via homology-dependent gene replacement. The ΔCsmck1, DCsmkk1, and ΔCsmps1 mutants showed impairments in fungal growth, conidiation, and tolerance to CWI and salt stresses. Moreover, ΔCsmck1, ΔCsmkk1, and ΔCsmps1 failed to develop anthracnose disease on pepper fruits due to defects in appressorium formation and invasive hyphae growth. These results suggest that CsMCK1, CsMKK1, and CsMPS1 play important roles in mycelial growth, conidiation, appressorium formation, plant infection, and stress adaption of C. scovillei. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the roles of the CWI signaling pathway in the development of pepper fruit anthracnose disease.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.2 s.73
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• pp.114-120
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• 1995

Colletotrichum dematium, C. gloeosporioides and Glomerella cingulata were detected in seed samples collected from diseased red pepper (Capsicum annuum) using blotter method. C. gloeosporioides was the predominant species in seed samples tested and followed by C. dematium and G. cingulata. When the seed components were plated C. dematium, C. gloeosporioides and G. cingulata were detected from seed coat, endosperm and cotyledon. The three anthracnose fungi were recorded more frequently from seed coat than that of observed in the endosperm and cotyledon. Seed infection with C. dematium, C. gloeosporioides and G. cingulata caused seed rotting, damping off and seedling blight of red pepper plants. According to the inoculation experiments, it was shown that C. gloeosporioides was the most virulent among three species. C. dematium showed weak virulence when the plants were wounded, and G. cingulata was wound parasite or weakly virulent on red fruits. Benlate T (benomyl+thiram) and Homai (thiophnate-methyl+thiram) were effective to anthracnose fungi when treated to infected seeds.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.317-322
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• 2013

For the past two decades, the causal agent of anthracnose occurring on strawberry in Korea was considered Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, the recent molecular analysis has shown that the genus Colletotrichum has undergone many taxonomic changes with introduction of several new species. As a result, it revealed that C. gloeosporioides indeed consisted of more than 20 distinct species. Therefore, the Korean pathogen isolated from strawberry should be reclassified. The shape and size of the conidia of the pathogen were not distinctly different from those of C. gloeosporioides and C. fructicola, but it differed in shape of the appressoria. A combined sequence analysis of partial actin, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes, and the internal transcribed spacer regions showed that the strawberry isolates formed a monophyletic group with authentic strains of C. fructicola. On the basis of these results, the anthracnose fungi of the domestic strawberry in Korea were identified as C. fructicola and distinguished from C. gloeosporioides.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.467-474
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• 2022

Autophagy serves as a survival mechanism and plays important role in nutrient recycling under conditions of starvation, nutrient storage, ad differentiation of plant pathogenic fungi. However, autophagy-related genes have not been investigated in Colletotrichum scovillei, a causal agent of pepper fruit anthracnose disease. ATG8 is involved in autophagosome formation and is considered a marker of autophagy. Therefore, we generated an ATG8 deletion mutant, ΔCsatg8, via homologous recombination to determine the functional roles of CsATG8 in the development and virulence of C. scovillei. Compared with the wild-type, the deletion mutant ΔCsatg8 exhibited a severe reduction in conidiation. Conidia produced by ΔCsatg8 were defective in survival, conidial germination, and appressorium formation. Moreover, conidia of ΔCsatg8 showed reduced lipid amount and PTS1 selectivity. A virulence assay showed that anthracnose development on pepper fruits was reduced in ΔCsatg8. Taken together, our results suggest that CsATG8 plays various roles in conidium production and associated development, and virulence in C. scovillei.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2008

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides forms an appressorium, a specialized infection structure, to infect its hosts. Among 400 and 600 culture filtrates from fungi and class Actinomycetes, six methanol extracts (A5005, A5314, A5387, A5560, A5597, and A5598) from the class Actinomycetes significantly inhibited appressorium formation in C. gloeosporioides infecting pepper fruits in a dose-dependent manner, while conidial germination was slightly enhanced. Two (A5005 and A5560) of them also exhibited distinctive inhibitory effect on the disease progress of pepper anthracnose. Water fractions of both culture filtrates also specifically inhibited appressorium formation in C. gloeosporioides and pepper anthracnose disease. Inhibition of appressorium formation by culture filtrate of A5005 was partially restored by the exogenous calcium. This results suggests that chemicals within A5005 extents its biological activity through disturbance of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ regulation during prepenetration morphogenesis by C. gloeosporioides. Together, cell-based and target-oriented screening system used in this study should be applicable for other plant pathogenic fungi prerequisite appressorium formation to infect their hosts.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.479-490
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• 2018

Red pepper is seriously damaged by thrips (Thrips palmi) and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum throughout its development. Because of biotic constraints, producers often depend on chemicals that are expensive and have adverse effects on the environment, operator, and beneficial insects. In addition, resistance is developed because of the repeated use of chemicals. In recent decades, the use of microorganisms in crop protection has become a credible alternative because it is eco-friendly. In this study, we aimed to select isolates with insecticidal and fungicidal activities against the pathogens that cause anthracnose and thrips. We treated T. palmi adults and juveniles with 13 strains of entomopathogenic fungi (isolated from the soil by using the insect-bait method), and 6 strains showed excellent insecticidal activity (70-100%) 5 days after the treatment. The selected isolates were cultured with C. acutatum to screen for the strain with excellent anti-fungal activities, among which an isolate FT333 showed more than 95% control efficacy against C. acutatum in vitro. The isolate was identified as Isaria javanica through its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and ${\beta}-tubulin$ nucleotide sequences. The Isaria javanica FT333 isolate could be used effectively for dual bio-control of thrips and anthracnose during red pepper cultivation.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.62-64
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• 2012

Anthracnose was occurred on black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) grown at Gochang areas of Korea during the period of 2003-2009. Black raspberry was afflicted by anthracnose with initial lesion of dark brown circular spots on the naturally infected stems and petioles. The irregular spots was either fused or progressed into circular or elliptical shape. The causal fungi of anthracnose were isolated from the diseased plants and identified as Colltotrichum gloeosporioides, C. coccodes and C. acutatum based on the morphological and cultural characteristics. All isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. coccodes and C. acutatum produced similar symptoms under pathogenic examination through artificial inoculation.