• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.381-387
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• 2023

Background: Frailty is defined as a condition of being weak and delicate, and it represents a state of high vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. Recent studies have suggested that the cingulate gyrus is associated with frailty in the elderly population. However, few imaging studies have explored the relationship between frailty and the cingulate gyrus in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: Eighteen right-handed patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in the study. We used the FreeSurfer software package to estimate the cortical thickness of the regions of interest, including the rostral anterior, caudal anterior, isthmus, and posterior cingulate gyri. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and laboratory tests were also conducted. Results: The cortical thickness of the right rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) was significantly correlated with the Fried frailty index, age, and creatinine level. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the cortical thickness of the right rostral ACG was associated with frailty after controlling for age and creatinine level. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the cortical thickness of the rostral ACG may be associated with frailty in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis and that the rostral ACG may play a role in the frailty mechanism of this population.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.728-732
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• 2008

In this study, we developed motor representation brain mechanism system using fMRI and pilot study is performed, fMRI task were composed two tasks, which provided visual feedback and hid visual feedback. Left superior orbital gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus, left supplementary motor area, right thalamus, right postcentral gyrus and right superior parietal lobule activated with visual feedback. Left precuneus, right middle temporal gyrus, bilateral supplementary motor area, right anterior cingulate cortex, left Inferior temporal gyrus, left insula lobe, right superior parietal lobule, bilateral postcentral gyrus and left precentral gyrus activated without visual feedback. We could found brain mechanism of motor representation using without visual feedback.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.159-178
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• 2007

Lee & Kang (2002) showed that simultaneous phonological rehearsal significantly delayed the performance of multiplication but not subtraction, whereas holding an image in the memory delayed subtraction but not multiplication. This result indicated that arithmetic function is related to working memory in a subsystem-specific manner. The aim of the current study was to examine the neural correlates of previous finding using fMRI. For this goal, dual task conditions that required suppression or no suppression were manipulated. In general, several areas were more activated in the interference conditions than in the less interference conditions, although both conditions were dual condition. More important finding is that the specific areas activated in the phonological suppression rendition were right inferior frontal gyrus, left angular, and inferior parietal lobule, while the areas activated in the other condition were mainly in the right superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, the areas activated in the phonological or visual less suppression condition were right medial frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral medial frontal gyri, anterior cingulate cortices, and parahippocampal gyri, respectively. These results revealed that sharing the processing code invokes interference, and its neural basis.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.775-793
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• 2023

Human decision-making is a complex behavior. A replication of human decision making offers a potential to enhance the capacity of intelligent systems by providing additional user assistance in decision making. By reducing the effort and task complexity on behalf of the user, such replication would improve the overall user experience, and affect the degree of intelligence exhibited by the system. This paper explores individuals' decision-making processes when using recommender systems, and its related outcomes. In this study, human decision-making (HDM) refers to the selection of an item from a given set of options that are shown as recommendations to a user. The goal of our study was to identify IS constructs that contribute towards such decision-making, thereby contributing towards creating a mental model of HDM. This was achieved through recording Electroencephalographic (EEG) readings of subjects while they performed a decision-making activity. Readings from 16 righthanded healthy avid readers reflect that reward, theory of mind, risk, calculation, task intention, emotion, sense of touch, ambiguity and decision making are the primary constructs that users employ while deciding from a given set of recommendations in an online bookstore. In all 10 distinct brain areas were identified. These brain areas that lead to their respective constructs were found to be cingulate gyrus, precentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus (also referred to as dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus (DLPFC)). The identified constructs would help in developing a design theory for enhancing user assistance, especially in the context of recommender systems.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 2017

Objectives Local gyrification reflects the early neural development of cortical connectivity, and is regarded as a potential neural endophenotype in psychiatric disorders. Several studies have suggested altered local gyrification in patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the alterations in the cortical gyrification of whole brain cortices in patients with BD-I. Methods Twenty-two patients with BD-I and age and sex-matched 22 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. All participants underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The local gyrification index (LGI) of 66 cortical regions were analyzed using the FreeSurfer (Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the difference of LGI values between two groups adjusting for age and sex as covariates. Results The patients with BD-I showed significant hypogyria in the left pars opercularis (uncorrected-p = 0.049), the left rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (uncorrected-p = 0.012), the left caudal anterior cingulate gyrus (uncorrected-p = 0.033). However, these findings were not significant after applying the multiple comparison correction. Severity or duration of illness were not significantly correlated with LGI in the patients with BD-I. Conclusions Our results of lower LGI in the anterior cingulate cortex and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the BD-I group implicate that altered cortical gyrification in neural circuits involved in emotion-processing may contribute to pathophysiology of BD-I.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.501-506
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 가상현실을 이용한 단서노출치료가 흡연자의 니코틴 갈망수준을 감소시키는지를 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 8명의 흡연청소년을 대상으로 6회기의 가상환경 단서노출치료를 실시하였다. 또한 단서노출치료 실시전과 후에 흡연관련 사진과 중립사진을 제시하는 동안 참가자들의 뇌를 기능성 자기공명영상장치(fMRI)로 측정하였다. 그 결과 단서노출실시 전에는 prefrontal cortex(PFC), Anterior cingulate gyrus(ACC) 영역을 비롯한 7개의 영역이 활성화되었고, 단서노출치료 후에는 right middle frontal gyrus, right uncus, left medial frontal gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, 그리고 right superior frontal gyrus 영역이 활성화되었다. 단서노출치료 전과 후의 비교에 서는 PFC가 관찰되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 흡연자의 흡연 갈망은 감소되었으며, 가상현실단서노출치료는 흡연자들 뿐 아니라 여러 물질의존자들의 치료에 유용한 방법이 될 것이라는 것을 시사한다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.429-446
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• 2010

This study is to examine if emotional valance depending upon the result of baseball game(losing or winning) of subjects' favorite team yields hemispheric asymmetry measured by fMRI. Subjects were twelve fans of the Samsung Lions baseball team. The brain activations have been observed while they watched winning and losing scenes of their favorite team. As a results of the experiment, those who watched winning scenes showed the activation of the left and right cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left amygdala, right parahippocampal gyrus, left uncus, left cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left culmen. On the contrary, those who watched losing scenes showed the activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, left sub-gyral, left lentifomrm nucleus, left thalamus, left claustrum, left insula. The evidence of hemispheric asymmetry from this study has not been demonstrated and activation in amygdala observed during watching winning scene has not been observed in losing scene. Therefore more in-dept research is required about defeat stimuli induction.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.357-373
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• 2006

Virtual reality (VR) provides a virtual experiment (VE) context consisting of information presented to the senses of the user. The user perceiver and interprets the VE context, and then naturally recognizes a level of realism in the VE. Presence is often thought of as the sense of 'being there' in the n. Presence includes overall feelings about the information conveyed from a virtual avatar to the user. Therefore, there must be brain mechanisms for integrating sensory information about presence.'Feeling of presence' is related with the user's cognition and perception about information on communication through medium. Thus 'feeling of presence' may characterize perceptual mechanisms in the brain. We studied these mechanisms by presenting a VR that consisted of an avatar telling a story about a social conversation. We performed covariance analysis on subjective brain activity (fMRI) during the story presentation with a presence score. The data analysis revealed that activity in several brain areas was correlated with the presence store. A positive correlation was shown in the right lingual gyrus, right cuneus, left lingual gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex and right posterior cingulate cortex of the brain. This study showed the brain mechanism to be related the feeling of presence and brain activities in our subjects, using VR to communicate information.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.295-345
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• 2003

This study investigated activation of cerebral cortex in patients with hemiplegia that was caused by neural damage. Key-point control movement therapy of Bobath was performed for 9 weeks in 3 subjects with hemiplegia and fMRI was used to compare and analyze activated degree of cerebral cortex in these subjects. fMRI was conducted using the blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD) technique at 3.0T MR scanner with a standard head coil. The motor activation task consisted of finger flexion-extension exercise in six cycles(one half-cycles = 8 scans = $3\;sec{\times}\;8\;=\;24\;sec$). Subjects performed this task according to visual stimulus that sign of right hand or left hand twinkled(500ms on, 500ms off). After mapping activation of cerebral motor cortex on hand motor function, below results were obtained. 1. Activation decreased in primary motor area, whereas it increased in supplementary motor area and visual association area(p<.001). 2. Activation was observed in bilateral medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus of left cerebrum, inferior frontal gyrus, inter-hemispheric, fusiform gyrus of right cerebrum, superior parietal lobule of parietal lobe and precuneus in subjedt 1, parahippocampal gyrus of limbic lobe and cingulate gyrus in subject 2, and inferior frontal gyrus of right frontal lobe, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule of left cerebrum in subject 3 (p<.001). 3. Activation cluster extended in declive of right cellebellum posterior lobe in subject 1, culmen of anterior lobe and declive of posterior lobe in subject 2, and dentate gyrus of anterior lobe, culmen and tuber of posterior lobe in subject 3 (p<.001). In conclusion, these data showed that Key-point control movement therapy of Bobath after stroke affect cerebral cortex activation by increasing efficiency of cortical networks. Therefore mapping of brain neural network activation is useful for plasticity and reorganization of cerebral cortex and cortico-spinal tract of motor recovery mechanisms after stroke.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02b
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• pp.815-819
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• 2006

가상현실에서 구현한 환경을 사용자가 실제처럼 느끼고 그 내용을 받아들이도록 하는 것은 중요한 목표이다. presence 는 "어떤 특정한 또는 이해할 수 있는 장소에 존재한다고 생각하는 인간의 지각" 상태를 나타낸다. 따라서 presence 는 가상환경에서 사용자가 얼마나 그 가상환경을 실제로느끼는지를 알 수 있는 중요한 파라미터 중 하나 이다. 또한 Presence 는 가상현실에서 경험하게 되는 여러가지 감각적인 정보들을 통하여 느끼는 종합적인 느낌을 반영하는 파라미터 이다. 따라서 같은 가상현실을 경험한다 할지라도 개인마다 느끼는 presence 는 차이가 있을 것이고 이러한 차이는 가상환경이 제공하는 정보의 차이에 대한 인식과 처리에 있어서도 영향을 미칠 것이다. 그러므로 이러한 차이는 관련된 뇌 영역의 활성화의 차이로 나타날 것이다. 가상현실 컨텐츠는 아바타를 통해서 정보를 전달하고 피험자가 그 내용을 바탕으로 생각해보는 내용으로 구성하였다. 아바타가 전달하는 내용은 명확하게 모든 정보를 알려주는 과제 와 중요한 정보를 생략하고 알려주는 과제 두 가지로 구성하였다. 그리고 피험자 개개인이 각각의 내용을 바탕으로 추론하는 동안 뇌 영역 활성화의 차이와 가상현실 경험 동안의 presence 점수와 관련된 뇌 영역을 알아보았다. 실험 결과 Right Lingual Gyrus (16, -95, 14), Left Lingual Gyrus (-15, -88, -16), Right Fusiform Gyrus (35, -81, -14), Right Lingual Gyrus (3, -67, 3), Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus (-43, -1, -36), Left Anterior Cingulate (0, -38, -10), Right Posterior Cingulate (2, -50, 10)에서 유의미한 상관 관계가 있었다.