• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.301-311
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• 2002

We used diatom and porewater data of two piston cores from the central subbasin and one from the western subbasin in the Bransfield Strait in the northern Antarctic Peninsula to elucidate the depositional mechanism of the layered diatom ooze. The layered diatom ooze is characterized by an abundance of organic carbon, biogenic silica, sulfde sulfur, and lower porewater sulfate concentration. This lack of pore-water sulfate concentration in the diatom ooze interval may reflect development of reducing micro-environment in which bacterially mediated sulfate reduction occurred. The negative relationship between the total organic carbon and sulfate contents, however, indicates that sulfate reduction was partly taking place but does not control organic carbon preservation in this unit. Rather, well-preserved Chaetoceros resting spores in the layered diatom ooze indicate a rapid sedimentation of the diatom as a result of repetitive iceedge blooms on the Bransfield shelf during the cold period (around 2500 yrs BP) when the permanent seaice existed on the shelf, During this period, it is expected that the downslope-flowing cold and dense water was also formed on the Bransfield shelf as a result of sea ice formation, playing an important role for the formation of layered diatom ooze in the Bransfield subbasins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1330-1337
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• 2007

To better understand the gene expression of the cold-adapted polar diatom, we conducted a survey of the Chaetoceros neogracile transcriptome by cDNA sequencing and expression of interested cDNAs from the Antarctic diatom. A non-normalized cDNA library was constructed from the C. neogracile, and a total of 2,500 cDNAs were sequenced to generate 1,881 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (accession numbers EL620615-EL622495). Based on their clustering, we identified 154 unique clusters comprising 342 ESTs. The remaining 1,540 ESTs did not cluster. The number of unique genes identified in the data set is thus estimated to be 1,694. Taking advantage of various tools and databases, putative functions were assigned to 939 (55.4%) of these genes. Of the remaining 540 (31.9%) unknown sequences, 215 (12.7%) appeared to be C. neogracile-specific since they lacked any significant sequence similarity to any sequence available in the public databases. C. neogracile consisted of a relatively high percentage of genes involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, defense or stress resistance, photosynthesis, structure, and signal transduction. From the ESTs, the expression of these putative C. neogracile genes was investigated: fucoxanthin chlorophyll (chl) a,c-binding protein (FCP), ascorbate peroxidase (ASP), and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). The abundance of ASP and HSP90 changed substantially in response to different culture conditions, indicating the possible regulation of these genes in C. neogracile.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.442-453
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• 2002

남극 드레이크해협 남부에서 채취한 코아퇴적물(GC 98-06)로부터 32개의 시료를 얻어 고생물학적으로 연구한 결과 총 23속 64종의 규조 미화석이 감정되었다. 산출된 규조 미화석의 군집 조성 중 Actinocyclus actinochilus, Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Eucampia antarctica, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, Thalassiosira lentiginosa, T. ritscheri와 T. anguste-lineata 등이 우점종으로 전체 군집의 73%를 차지한다. 공해환경을 지시해 주는 종들이 Bransfield Strait Water에 의해 유입된 해빙종들에 비해서 다량 산출되며, 제 4기 지시종과 제 3기의 마이오세와 플라이오세를 지시해주는 종들이 혼합되어 산출되는 것은, 퇴적물의 퇴적 당시 고환경이 주로 남극 순환수에 의해 운반된 남극저층수(Circumpolar deep water)에 의해 영향을 받아서 주변의 고기 퇴적물로부터 규조 화석들이 재이동 되었음을 의미한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.141-153
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• 2023

Biological pump processes generated by diatom production in the surface water of the Southern Ocean play an important role in exchanging CO₂ gas between the atmosphere and ocean. In this study, the biogenic opal content of the sediments was measured to elucidate the variation in the primary production of diatoms in the surface water of the Southern Ocean since the last glacial period. A piston core (COR-1bPC) was collected from the Conrad Rise, which is located in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The sediments were mainly composed of siliceous ooze, and sediment lightness increased and magnetic susceptibility decreased in an upward direction. The biogenic opal content was low (38.9%) during the last glacial period and high (73.4%) during the Holocene, showing a similar variation to that of Antarctic ice core ΔT and CO₂ concentration. In addition, the variation of biogenic opal content in core COR-1bPC is consistent with previous results reported in the Antarctic Zone, south of the Antarctic Polar Front, in the Southern Ocean. The glacial-interglacial biogenic opal production was influenced by the extent of sea ice coverage and degree of water column stability. During the last glacial period, the diatom production was reduced due to the penetration of light being limited in the euphotic zone by the extended sea ice coverage caused by the lowered seawater temperature. In addition, the formation of a strong thermocline in more extensive areas of sea ice coverage led to stronger water column stability, resulting in reduced diatom production due to the reduction in the supply of nutrient-rich subsurface water caused by a decrease in upwelling intensity. Under such environmental circumstances, diatom productivity decreased in the Antarctic Zone during the last glacial period, but the biogenic opal content increased rapidly under warming conditions with the onset of deglaciation.

• ALGAE
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2003

Two isolated Antarctic marine diatoms, Chaetoceros neogracile VanLandingham and Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle and Sims were examined to show changes of growth and uptake rate of nitrate due to UV-B irradiance. Chlorophyll (chl) a concentration was regarded as the growth index of diatom. The diatoms were treated with UV-B radiation and cultured for 4 days under cool-white fluorescent light without UV-B radiation. Two levels of UV-B exposures were applies: 1 and 6 W $m^{-2}$. Durations of UV-B treatment were 20, 40 and 60 minutes under 6 W $m^{-2}$ and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hrs under 1 W $m^{-2}$. The control groups were cultured at the same time without UV-B radiation. The growth rates of two diatoms decreased under 1 and 6 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B irradiances than that of control group. After 4 days, chl a concentrations of C. neogracile were increased more than 4 times from 133 μgo$l^{-1}$ to 632 μgo$l^{-1}$ in control group. However, the concentration of experimental groups under 1 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B were only increased from 139 μgo$l^{-1}$ to 421 μgo$l^{-1}$ during one hour and the chl a concentrations were decreased from 144 μgo$l^{-1}$ to 108 μgo$l^{-1}$ during five hour. Growth of diatom dramatically more decreased under 6 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B than 1 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B. The chl a concentration of experimental groups under 6 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B for one hour was only increased from 111 μgo$l^{-1}$ to 122 μgo$l^{-1}$. In the case of S. microtrias showed also similar pattern to C. neogracile by UV-B radiation. The uptake rates of nitrate by the two strains were decreased abruptly under 6 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B irradiances. When two strains were treated under 1 and 6 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B during one hour, the strains were only continued growth and uptake of nitrate under 1 W $m^{-2}$ UV-B. This experimental evidence shows that exposure to UV-B radiation especially to high irradiance of UV-B decreases diatom survival and causes lower decrease of nutrient concentrations by microalgae in Antarctic water. Furthermore, evidence suggests that microalgal communities confined to near-surface waters in Antarctica will be harmed by increased UV-B radiation, thereby altering the dynamics of Antarctic marine ecosystems.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2015

A 450 m-long sediment section was recovered from Hole U1359D located at the eastern levee of the Jussieau submarine channel on the Wilkes Land continental rise (East Antarctica) during IODP Expedition 318. The age model for Hole U1359D was established by paleomagnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and the ages of core-top and core-bottom were estimated to be about 5 Ma and 13 Ma, respectively. Biogenic opal content during this period varied between 3% and 60%. In the Southern Ocean, high biogenic opal content generally represents warm climate characterized by the increased light availability due to the decrease of sea-ice distribution. The surface water productivity change in terms of biogenic opal content at about 10.2 Ma in the Wilkes Land continental rise was related to the development of Northern Component Water. After about 10.2 Ma, more production of Northern Component Water in the North Atlantic caused to increase heat transport to the Southern Ocean, resulting in the enhanced diatom production. Miocene isotope events (Mi4~Mi7), which are intermittent cooling intervals during the Miocene, appeared to be correlated to the low biogenic opal contents, but further refinement was required for precise correlation. Biogenic opal content decreased abruptly during 6 Ma to 5.5 Ma, which most likely corresponds to the Messinian salinity crisis. Short-term variation of biogenic opal content was related to the extent of sea-ice distribution associated with the location of Antarctic Polar Front that was controlled by glacial-interglacial paleoclimate change, although more precise dating and correlation will be necessary. Diatom production in the Wilkes Land continental rise increased during the interglacial periods because of the reduced sea-ice distribution and the southward movement of Antarctic Polar Front.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.152-163
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• 2001

남극반도 서 대륙붕의 흘로세 빙해양 퇴적작용과 고해양 변화를 이해하기 위해 서 대륙붕에서 얻은 두 개의 코어퇴적물에 대하여 C-14 연대측정, 퇴적학 및 지화학 특성과 규조군집 특성을 조사했다. 분석 결과, 코어는 크게 세 개의 퇴적상으로 구분되었다. 코어 최하부는 사질과 각력이 많고, 분급이 불량한 다이아믹튼으로 구성된다. 이 퇴적상이 유기물과 규조각이 적고, 사질함량과 평균 입도의 변화가 큰 것으로 보아 빙붕 밑에 발달한 기저쇄설층으로부터 역의공급을 받아 퇴적된 다이아믹튼으로 해석된다. AMS C-14분석 결과 이 퇴적상은 11,000 yrs BP전 까지 빙붕 아래에서 퇴적되었으며, 특히 11,500${\sim}$12,700 yrs BP동안에 기온의 하강으로 빙하가 다시 진출함에 따라 유기물이 급격히 감소하고, 접빙종의 산출이 급증한 것으로 보인다. 시기적으로 이 기간은 북대서양 일원에서 일어났던 영거드라이아스 냉각기와 잘 대비된다. 다이아믹튼 바로 위에 나타나는 규조질 이토가 유기물과 규조각이 최대이며, 접빙종의 산출이 최소인 점으로 보아, 이 퇴적상은 원양환경에서 일차생산력의 증가로 형성된 많은 양의 유기물이 해저로 공급된 결과로 보인다. AMS C-14분석 결과, 유기탄소 함량이 최대이고, C. resting spore의 산출빈도가 최대인 구간의 퇴적시기는 9,000${\sim}$2,500 yrs BP로 나타났다. 일반적으로 이 시기는 흘로세 중기에 오늘날보다 더 따뜻했던 고열기와 잘 일치한다. 코어 최상부의 규조질 사질 이토가 아래의 규조질 이토에 비해 접빙종의 산출과 사질함량이 많은 것은 빙하 진출로 인해 육상기원 물질의 공급이 증가한 것으로 보인다. AMS C-14분석 결과 상부 퇴적상의 퇴적시기는 2,500yrs BP경으로 나타났으며, 이 시기는 남극반도 지역에서 홀로세 말에 있었던 신빙하기(neoglacial)의 출발과 일치한다. 남극반도서 대륙붕에서 얻은 이상의 연구 결과는 향후 남반구에서 흘로세 동안에 일어났던 천년단위의 고기후 변화와 그에 따른 고해양 변화를 이해하는데 중요한 정보를 제공해 준다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2019

남극 벨링스하우젠 해(Bellingshausen Sea)의 동쪽 대륙붕과 대륙대에 위치한 중력코어(BS17-GC15, BS17-GC04)를 2017년 ANA07D 탐사 동안 획득하였다. 두 코어를 이용하여 벨링스하우젠 해의 해양 퇴적물 내 빙기-간빙기에 따른 점토광물의 분포와 성인을 조사하였다. 두 코어에 대해 퇴적상의 특성을 기술하고, 입도 분석, X선 회절 분석을 실시하여 점토광물의 조성 변화를 관찰하였다. 퇴적학적 특성에 따라 BS17-GC15 코어는 세 개의 퇴적상들로 구분되며 이들은 마지막 빙하기, 전이퇴적상, 간빙기 시기의 퇴적작용에 의해 형성된 것으로 보인다. BS17-GC04 코어는 하부에 빙하기저부 기원의 저탁류의 조합으로 퇴적되는 저탁류 퇴적층과 니질층이 관찰되고, 위쪽으로 올라갈수록 실트질 엽층이 나타나며 상부에서는 생물교란 흔적이 포함된 반원양성 니질층이 나타난다. 퇴적상이 변함에 따라 점토광물의 함량비도 다르게 나타난다. BS17-GC15 코어는 시기에 따라 일라이트가 평균 28.4~44.5 %로 가장 큰 변화를 보이고, 스멕타이트는 빙하기 때 평균 31.1 %에서 20 %로 감소하였다가 간빙기때 25.1 %로 다시 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 녹니석과 카올리나이트의 합은 빙하기 때 평균 40.5 %에서 간빙기 때 30.4 %로 감소하였다. 빙하기 동안 퇴적물이 남극 반도로부터 유입되기 때문에 높은 일라이트와 녹니석 함량을 보인다. 반면, 대륙대에 위치한 BS17-GC04 코어는 빙하기 때 스멕타이트의 함량이 평균 47.2 %에서 상부로 갈수록 평균 20.6 %까지 감소하고 일라이트는 하부에서 평균 21.3 %에서 43.2 %로 증가한다. 빙하기 동안의 높은 스멕타이트 함량은 근처의 스멕타이트가 풍부한 퇴적물인 피터 1세 섬에서 퇴적물이 남극순환류에 의해 운반되었을 것으로 예상되고, 그 이후 간빙기에는 상대적으로 서쪽으로 흐르는 등수심 해류의 영향으로 동쪽의 벨링스하우젠 해의 대륙붕 퇴적물로부터 일라이트와 클로라이트가 풍부한 퇴적물이 운반되었을 것이라 예상된다.