• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate on the removal effect of total nitrogen in municipal wastewater by decreasing hydraulic retention time(HRT) from 6 hour to 4 hour on CNR process. CNR-A(Cilia Nutrient Removal) is the process combining A2/O process with cilium media of H2L corporation. The removal efficiencies for T-N were 63.1% in A-1 reactor, and 73.5% in A-2 reactor and 77.0% in A-3 reactor. The specific nitrification(g-NH3-N/g-MLVSS.d) of Oxic in CNR-A process was 0.07-0.32. The specific denitrification in Anoxic and the specific nitrification inOxic was higher in HRT 4 hour because of optimum F/M ratio.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2006

Theoretical total nitrogen removal efficiency and reactor volume ratio in oxic-anoxic-oxic system can be found by influent water quality in this study. The influent water quality items for calculation were ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity, and COD which can affect nitrification and denitrification reaction. Total nitrogen removal efficiency depends on influent allocation ratio. The total nitrogen removal follows the equation of 1/(1+b). Optimal reactor volume ratio for maximum TN removal efficiency was expressed by those influent water quality and nitrification/denitrification rate constants. It was possible to expect optimal reactor volume ratio by the calculation with the standard deviation of ${\pm}14.2$.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 생물막법 중 고정 생물막을 이용한 무산소/호기 시스템으로 구성된 반응기에서 표면을 이온빔으로 조사하여 소수성인 표면 물성을 친수성으로 개질한 표면개질(surface-modified) 담체와 표면을 개질하지 않은 비개질 담체(non-modified)를 각각 이용하여 하수의 유기물, T-N 그리고 T-P의 제거 특성을 알아보았다. 여기에 사용된 담체는 폴리에틸렌 재질로서 원통형 플라스틱 담체이다. 수리학적 체류시간(HRT)에 따른 제거율의 차이를 알아본 결과, $COD_{cr}$의 경우 HRT를 16hr 이상 주었을 경우 개질 담체를 사용한 반응기 (개질 담체 반응기)와 비개질 담체를 사용한 반응기(비개질 담체 반응기) 모두 95% 이상의 제거율을 보인 반면에 12hr일 경우 개질 담체 반응기는 95%, 비개질 담체 반응기는 92%의 제거율을 보였다. 동일한 조건에서 T-N 제거율은 개질 담체 반응기는 HRT에 따라 최고 70.2%에서 최저 54.8%의 제거율을, 비개질 담체 반응기는 최고 76.5%에서 최저 57.5%의 제거율을 보였다. 마지막으로, T-P 제거율을 알아본 결과, 개질 담체 반응기는 최고 69.8%에서 최저 59.4%의 제거율을 보인 반면에 비개질 담체 반응기는 최고 63.4%에서 최저 51.3%의 제거율을 보였다. 본 연구결과로 볼 때 하수처리 적용시 $COD_{cr}$와 T-P의 제거인 경우에 표면개질 담체를, T-N의 경우 비개질 담체를 사용한 것이 제거효율에서 유리한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2004

물중의 ο-cresol을 흡착ㆍ제거할 때 여러 조건으로 전처리한 GAC의 흡착능을 조사하고 발생되는 변형반응을 관찰하여 전처리조건 및 그에 따른 용존산소가 GAC 흡착능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 전처리를 하지 않은 원 GAC와 산소, 산 및 염기로 전처리한 GAC를 흡착제로써 사용하였고 유산소 및 무산소조건을 적용하여 실험을 수행하였다. ο-Cresol에 대한 흡착능은 GAC 전처리방법에 따라 물중의 용존산소에 의해 다르게 영향을 받았다. 즉 원 GAC의 경우 용액중에 DO가 존재할 경우 GAC의 흡착능이 증가하였으나 산소로 전처리한 GAC의 경우 DO 존재여부와 무관하게 별다른 흡착능의 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 또 산처리 및 염기처리 GAC는 원 GAC에 비해 상대적으로 DO의 영향을 크게 받은 것으로 관찰되었다. 산처리 GAC 및 염기처리 GAC 모두 초기단계에 빠르게 ο-cresol을 흡착하는 것으로 관찰되었으며 접촉시간이 길어질수록 상대적으로 점차 흡착이 느려졌다. 그러나 산처리 GAC의 경우 약 5일이면 평형에 도달하였으나 염기처리 GAC는 10일 이상 접촉하여야만 평형에 도달하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 흡착속도 실험에서 관찰한 시점에 분리된 GAC로부터 소형 soxhlet 용출기구를 이용하여 흡착된 ο-cresol을 용출하였다. 초기 약 1시간이내에 두 조건(산 또는 염기처리 GAC사용)모두에서 용출율이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 약 1시간이후에는 용출율의 감소 또는 증가 경향이 관찰되지 않았으며 상대적으로 일정한 경향을 나타내어 약 35∼50%의 용출율을 나타내었다. 이러한 실험결과에 따르면 흡착 중 용액에 존재하는 용존산소는 물론이고 대상물질 흡착전에 GAC와 접촉시킨 $O_2$도 GAC 흡착능에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.603-609
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal operation conditions in an anoxic oxic process to eliminate both organic and nitrogen matters in swine wastewater. For the purpose of this, the removal efficiency was evaluated with various HRTs and internal recycling ratio. During the whole 580 days of experiment, HRTs had been gradually decreased in an order of 20, 14, 12 and l0days, and the internal recycle ratio was kept at 20Q. So as to determine the effect of the internal recycle ratio on the nitrogen removal, the internal recycle ratio had been gradually increased from 20Q to 50Q while HRT was maintained at 12days. As a result, it was shown that the removal efficiency of organic matter was above 95% regardless of changing of HRTs. The average influent concentration of TCODcr and SCODcr were 24,854 mg/L and 18,920 mg/L, respectively. Average removal efficiency of TKN was shown to be nearly 98% when HRT was kept at 12days; however, the $NH_4{^+}-N$ concentration of effluent was shown to be increased when the loading rate of $NH_4{^+}-N$ was increased to $0.602 kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3$-day by means of decreasing HRT to 10days. It was concluded that nitrogen loading rates should be more considered rather than organic loading rates in case of determining an optimal HRT. When gradually increasing the internal recycle ratio from 20Q to 50Q, the removal efficiency of organic matters and TKN were 96% and 98%, respectively so that no significant changes in removal efficiency was detected. However, when the internal recycle ratio was kept at 50Q, it was revealed that the $NO_3-N$ concentration of effluent seemed to drop and the average $NO_3-N$ concentration of effluent was around 52 mg/L.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.521-526
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• 2006

폐수를 재이용하기 위한 고도처리 시스템으로서 분리막 생물반응조(Membrane Bioreactor, MBR)는 기존의 활성슬러지 공정(Activated Sludge Process, ASP)에 비하여 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 도시 하수 중에 포함된 유기물과 영양염류를 동시에 제거하기 위하여 침지형 정밀여과(Microfiltration, MF) 막을 이용한 무산소/호기(Anoxic/Oxic, A/O)형 MBR에서 투과플럭스를 $10.2L/m^2{\cdot}h$로 일정하게 유지하면서 고형물 체류시간(Solids Retention Time, SRT) 변화에 따른 막 여과 특성을 조사하였다. 실험 결과, SRT를 증가시킬수록 체외고분자물질(Extracellular Polymeric Substances, EPS)내 단백질/탄수화물(Protein/Carbohydrate, P/C) 비가 높아져서 막 오염이 빠르게 진행되었다. A/O MBR에 RO막을 결합한 A/O MBR-RO 공정을 폐수의 고도처리에 적용하고자 하였으며, 성능평가를 위해 A/O MBR-RO 공정과 기존의 활성슬러지 공정에 MF와 RO막을 결합한 ASP-MF-RO 공정의 유기물 및 영양염류 제거율을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 A/O MBR-RO 공정이 ASP-MF-RO 공정보다 더 우수한 처리효율을 나타내었다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1998

The computer simulation model was used to forecast the concentrations of COD$_{cr}$, NH$_{4}$$^{+}$-N and NO$_{3}$$^{-}$-N in each reactors. In the biological wastewater treatment system, the computer simulation model was used to observe the behavior of pollutants especially. In this research, effect of SRT, feeding pattern and recirculation rate on UCT(University of Cape Town) process was evaluated by computer simulation model. T-N removal was affected to the SRT. SRT for effective T-N removal was 15 days or longer. Feeding pattern in UCT process was affected to the T-N removal. Feeding pattern which 100% loading to the first reactor was most effective for T-N removal. The effect of recirculation rate was clear for T-N removal. The recirculation from anoxic reactor to anaerobic reactor was not need but the recirculation from oxic reactor to anoxic reactor was need. In aspect of nitrogen removal efficiency, A/O process was higher than UCT process.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain the operating characteristics of SMMIAR process for biological nitrogenㆍphosphorus removal. SMMIAR was operated at HLR(Hydraulic loading rate) of 39.6, 52.8, 63.4 and 79.2 $\ell$/$m^2$/d respectively and the operating parameters such as intermittent aeration time ratio of aerobic/anoxic, DO and microorganism concentration were changed to confirm the optimum operating condition. The concentrations of the wastewater BOD, TN(Total nitrogen) and TP(Total phosphorus) were 150, 30 and 7.5mg/$\ell$ respectively. Achieving better removal efficiencies of BOD, TN and TP up to 90, 85.4 and 95.4% respectively, we must keep in operation condition of SMMIAR by 0.75 of time ratio of aerobic/anoxic and by minimum 45 minutes of oxic period simultaneously.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1271-1277
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of phosphorus release to COD uptake, phosphorus release to nitrate removal, and phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release by DNPAOs(denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms). In case $I{\sim}IV$, influent 1 were fed with synthetic wastewater with influent 2 $NO_3^--N$ injection to anoxic zone and the case V were fed with municipal wastewater with side stream oxic zone instead of influent 2 $NO_3^--N$ injection. As a result, the ratio of phosphorus release to carbon uptake was increased in accordance with nitrate supply. The DNPAOs simultaneously took up phosphate and removed nitrate from the anoxic reactor. In case $I{\sim}IV$, with above 20 mg/L of sufficient $NO_3^--N$ supply, phosphate was taken up excessively by the DNPAOs in anoxic condition. The large amount of both uptake and release of phosphorus occurred above 20 mg/L of nitrate supply, achieving the ratio of phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release to be 1.05. In case V, phosphate luxury uptake was not occurred in system due to 6.98 mg/L of insufficient $NO_3^--N$ supply and the ratio of phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release was 0.98. Consequently, if nitrate as the electron acceptor was sufficient in anoxic zone, the ratio was found to be high.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.479-488
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• 2004

Five sediment cores from the tidal flat of artificial Lake Shihwa are analyzed in terms of sedimentology and geochemistry to evaluate the heavy metal contamination and redox condition of surficial sediment following the Shihwa seawall construction. The variability of concentrations of various elements depends on the depositional environment, and reflects the various redox conditions and sediment provenances. The amounts of Ti and Al and their ratio of Ti/ Al with respect to Li clearly indicate that there is an anthropogenic contribution to the surficial sediment. The high concentrations of heavy metals suggest an anthropogenic contribution at ST. 34 and ST. 22. Concentrations of most elements (Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) are higher near the Shihwa-Banwol industrial complex than in the central part of Lake Shihwa. Concentrations of heavy metal in surficial sediment near the Shihwa-Banwol industrial complex are two to eight times higher than in the center of Lake Shihwa. Enrichment factors (EF), which are normalized by the unpolluted shale, suggests a significant metallic contamination near the Shihwa-Banwol industrial complex (SBIC). The redox condition is divided into two anoxic and mixed oxi $c_oxic zones based on the carbon:sulfur (C/S) ratios of organic matter and elemental relationships. Correlations among geochemical elements Mn, U and Mo are significantly different from site to site, and may therefore be an indicator of the spatial redox condition. Controlling factors for switching anoxic/oxic conditions are thought to be water depth and the differences in industrial effluent supply. The variations of the Cu/Mn ratio in the sediments confirms above mentioned spatial differences of a redox condition in part, and therefore shows a location-dependence redox condition in sediments at four other sites. The redox condition of the surficial sediment characteristics of the Shihwa Lake are controlled by its geographic location and water depth.th.