• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.45-50
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• 2009

The modal split structure of the Korea's transportation system has been dominated by road-oriented structure. The shortage of the inftrastructure to accommodate the rapidly increasing travel demand has brought about socio-economic losses such as severe traffic congestion and high logistic costs, and thereby weakened the competitiveness of the country. Highway transportation sector is more vulnerable to energy consumption comparing with railway sector since the highway sector is dependent mostly on fossil fuels for its energy source. In 2006 annual road cogestion costs in Korea reached 24.6 trillion won, with an average annual growth rate of 5.4%. The annual road congestion cost of intercity highways were 9.2 trillion won. As the new cities that recently developed are located far from Seoul area, the boundary of commuting in Seoul metropolitan area is extended. It makes passengers have longer trips with longer travel time, and the congestion problem to be more serious. In this regards, Gyeonggi Provincial Government proposed a deeper underground metropolitan express train system for the greater Metropolitan area. which is named as GTX. Gyeonggi Province suggested 3 key underground lines, based on the outcome of the feasibility study conducted by the Korea Society of Transportation, and submitted to the Ministry of Land Transportation and Maritime Affairs for its review. If the project is approved for construction and completed in 2016, the daily volume of surface traffic bound for Seoul will be reduced substantially and therefore the users will be benefitted for time savings by an annual amount of 2 trilion won every year.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2018

For saving electricity bill, energy storage system(ESS) is being installed in factories, public building and commercial building with a Time-of-Use(TOU) tariff which consists of demand charge(KRW/kW) and energy charge(KRW/kWh). However, both of peak reduction and ESS special tariff are not considered in an analysis of initial cost payback period(ICPP) on ESS. Since it is difficult to reflect base rate by an amount of uncertain peak demand reduction during mid-peak and on-peak periods in the future days. Therefore, the ICPP on ESS can be increased. Based on this background, this paper presents the advanced analysis method for the ICPP on ESS. In the proposed algorithm, the representative days of monthly electricity consumption pattern for the amount of peak reduction can be found by the k­means clustering algorithm. Moreover, the total expected energy costs of representative days are minimized by optimal daily ESS operation considering both peak reduction and the special tariff through a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP). And then, the amount of peak reduction becomes a value that the sum of the expected energy costs for 12 months is maximum. The annual benefit cost is decided by the amount of annual peak reduction. Two simulation cases are considered in this study, which one only considers the special tariff and another considers both of the special tariff and amount of peak reduction. The ICPP in the proposed method is shortened by 18 months compared to the conventional method.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

With high acknowledgements of environmental conservation and energy saving, many architectural technologies using renewable energy have been recently applied at buildings which take about 20% of total energy consumption. Among renewable energy sources, the photovoltaic is considered as the most highly potential one due to advantages of infiniteness and cleanliness. Also, projects to install renewable energy systems have been continuously performed at deteriorated educational facilities as energy efficient remodeling projects or green school projects by the Korean government. This paper proposes appropriate capacities by school level on installing photovoltaic systems at deteriorated school buildings, based on the balance of annual electricity power demand and supply between buildings and systems. Using the Visual DOE program and Merit program, the appropriate installment capacity of photovoltaic system turned out be 40kWp at elementary school building and 60kWp at middle and high ones. In addition, annual energy use proved to be reduced by 20.2% at elementary school, 26.9% at middle school, and 21.0% at high school by installing photovoltaic systems with the appropriate capacities.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.515-522
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• 2014

In this study it is attempted to estimate the possible change in energy use for residential and commercial sector in Korea under a future climate change senario. Based on the national energy use and observed temperature data during the period 1991~2010, the optimal base temperature for determining heating and cooling degree days (HDD and CDD) is calculated. Then, net changes in fossil fuel and electricity uses that are statistically linked with a temperature variation are quantified through regression analyses of HDD and CDD against the energy use. Finally, the future projection of energy use is estimated by applying the regression model and future temperature projections by the CMIP5 results under the RCP8.5 scenario. The results indicate that, overall, the net annual energy use will decrease mostly due to a large decrease in the fossil fuel use for heating. However, a clear seasonal contrast in energy use is anticipated in the electricity use; there will be an increase in a warm-season demand for cooling but a decrease in a cold-season demand for heating.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The demand for energy in Thailand has been continually increasing as the economic and social country grows. Approximately 60% of Thailand's primary energy is imported, mostly petroleum products. In 2008 Thailand's total energy consumption was 80,971 ktoe and the net price of energy imported was up to 1,161 billion Baht which is equivalent to 12.8% of GDP at the current price. The energy consumption or energy demand has been growing at an annual compounded growth rate of 6.42% and the peak electric power demand and electricity consumption was recorded at 22,568 MW and 148,264 GWh and grew at a rate of 7.0% and 7.5% per annum during the period from 1989 to 2008. The gross agriculture production in 2008 was recorded at 135.4 Mt which represents agriculture residue for energy at 65.73 Mt, which is equivalent to energy potential of about 561.64 PJ or 13,292 ktoe an increase in average of 5.59% and 5.44% per year respectively. The agricultural residues can converted to 15,600 GWh/year or 1,780 MW of power capacity. So, if government sector plan to install small biomass gasification for electricity generation 200 kW for Community. The residue agricultural is available for 8,900 plants nationwide. The small biomass power generation for electricity generation not only to reduce the energy imports, it also makes the job and income for people in rural areas as well. This paper's aim is to report the energy situation in Thailand and has studied 5 main agricultural products with high residue energy potential namely sugarcane, paddy, oil palm, cassava, and maize appropriate for small electricity production. These agricultural products can be found planted in many rural areas throughout Thailand. Finally, discuss the situation, methods and policies which the government uses to promote small private power producers supplying electricity into the grid.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

As the wind farms in large scale demand enormous amount of construction cost, minimizing the economic burden is essential and also it is very important to measure the wind resources and forecast annual energy production correctly to judge the economic feasibility of the proposed site by way of installing a Met mast at or nearby the site. Wind resources were measured by installing a 80[m] high Met mast at WangdeungYeo Island to conduct the research incorporated in this paper and offshore wind farm was designed using WindPRO. Wind farm of 100[MW] was designed making use of 3 and 4.5[MW] wind generator at the place selected to compare their annual energy production and capacity factor applying the loss factor of 10[%] and 20[%] respectively to each farm. As a result, 336,599[MWh] was generated by applying 3[MW] wind generator while 358,565 [MWh] was produced by 4.5[MW] wind generator. Difference in the energy production by 3[MW] generator was 33,660 [MWh] according to the loss factor with the difference in its capacity factor by 3.8[%]. On the other hand, 23 units of 4.5 [MW] wind generators showed the difference of annual energy production by 35,857 [MWh] with 4.0[%] capacity factor difference.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.493-501
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• 2006

The increase in environmental loads and energy consumptions has resulted in the need of developed new forms of energy for a sustainable use for the society. Recently, the viability of using unused energy has attracted a great deal of attention. From the view point of using unused energy, the most critical problem can be referred to as the distance between the heat source/sink and heat demand area. The water resource in the city water system was used to solve this distance problem with unused energy. The calculation method of the potential use unit was used to survey the potential of the water resource in the city water system. The amount of theoretical unused energy and energy savings in the model city were estimated using this method. It is estimated that the amounts of energy savings and $CO_2$ reduction correspond to 131.3 GWh and 29280[t-C], respectively, per annual basis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2005

Biomass is one of the most competitive renewable energy resource and can be used for heating for rural applications. A economic assessment was made of biomass heating, using the tool BIOH2000 from $RETScreen^{\circledR}$ International Clean Energy Decision Support Centre. For a 260kW heating system for 50 farm houses, the assessment showed a very promising results. Internal rate of return was $19.7\%$ and year-to-positive cash flow was 5.1 years. Relative price of biomass over fossil fuel significantly affected the economic feasibility of the project. Heating demand was directly related to annual demand of biomass and economic feasibility. Relative cost of distribution pipe over the total initial costs also affected the economic feasibility of the project. The economic feasibility was expected to be improved by the probable greenhouse emission reduction credit and reduction of initial costs through utilizing existing heating system for peak or back up heating system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.570-582
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• 2017

In recent years, national and local government's air quality management and climate change adaptation policy has been significantly strengthened. The measures in the two policies may be in a relationship of trade-off or synergy to each other. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants are mostly emitted from the same sources of using considerable amounts of fossil fuels. Co-benefits, in which either measure has a positive effect on the other, may be maximized by reducing the social costs and by consolidating the objectives of the various policies. In this study, the co-benefits were examined by empirically analyzing the effects of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emission reduction, social cost, and cost effectiveness between the two policies. Of the total 80 projects, the next 12 projects generated co-benefits. They are 1) extend restriction area of solid fuel use, 2) expand subsidy of low-$NO_x$ burner, 3) supply hybrid-vehicles, 4) supply electric-vehicles, 5) supply hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 6) engine retrofit, 7) scrappage of old car, 8) low emission zone, 9) transportation demand management, 10) supply land-based electric of ship, 11) switching anthracite to clean fuel in private sector, 12) expand regional combined-energy supply. The benefits of air pollutants and greenhouse gas-related measures were an annual average of KRW 2,705.4 billion. The social benefits of the transportation demand management were the highest at an annual average of KRW 890.7 billion, and followed by scrappage of old cars and expand regional combined-energy supply. When the social benefits and the annual investment budgets are compared, the cost effectiveness ratio is estimated to be about 3.8. Overall, the reduction of air pollutants caused by the air quality management policy of Gyeonggi-do resulted in an annual average of KRW 4,790.2 billion. In the point sources management sector, the added value of $CO_2$ reduction increased by 4.8% to KRW 1,062.8 billion, while the mobile sources management sector increased by 3.6% to KRW 3,414.1 billion. If social benefits from $CO_2$ reduction are added, the annual average will increase by 7.2% to KRW 5,135.4 billion. The urban and energy management sectors have shown that social benefits increase more than twice as much as the benefits of $CO_2$ reduction. This result implies that more intensive promotion of these measures are needed. This study has significance in that it presents the results of the empirical analysis of the co-benefits generated between the similar policies in the air quality management and the climate change policy which are currently being promoted in Gyeonggi-do. This study suggested that the method of analyzing the policy effect among the main policies in the climate atmospheric policy is established and the effectiveness and priority of the major policies can be evaluated through the policy correlation analysis based on the co-benefits. It is expected that it could be a basis for evaluation the efficiency of the climate change adaptation and air quality management policies implemented by the national and local governments in the future.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.736-760
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• 2011

The importance of new renewable energy is emphasized not only new growth engine but also the key solution for the exhaustion problem of fossil energy and environment problem. For the steady growth of new renewable energy industry, securing related labor force is an essential factor. In this study, the status on labor force of new renewable energy industry was identified and forecasted the labor force demand of new renewable energy in 2015 by reflecting the industrial growth outlook on the new renewable energy. For the quantitative analysis methodology, the stock approach of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the United States was applied. Also by performing survey on the experts, the opinions of experts on supply and demand of new renewable energy labor force or worker training programs have been gathered. As a result of study, it has been analyzed that nearly 20% annual growth rate will be shown as the labor force demand in the field of new renewable energy industry increases from 14,100 people in 2010 to 33,200 people in 2015. In the survey on experts, we could find that a plan for supplying labor force must be prepared promptly in order to accomplish new renewable energy supply objectives and industrial growth objectives by our country in the future as the supply of new renewable energy labor force is currently insufficient. Also, it has been analyzed that the effort for deciding the proper new renewable energy labor force training program standard will be necessary. This study result could be used as a material of labor force training plan for the steady growth of new renewable energy industry in the future.