• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

Urban parks are important spaces of ecological and socio-cultural value to citizens who lead busy lives in increasingly complex and densely populated megalopolises. However, creating and maintaining city parks takes the will of the authorities to put it into practice and provide the attendant financial resources. That explains why we are focused on the budget aspects for the Seoul Metropolitan City in relation to creating park spaces. Our findings were as follows: 1) The overall city budget has steadily increased, but the budget allocated to Green Seoul Bureau and new park development has decreased since 2011. 2) As for elected officials, the budget grew during the time of the first, third, and fourth mayors as the creation of parks was considered to be a major priority, but after the sixth popularly elected mayor, the budget was sharply cut. 3) About 10% of the budget was allocated to the parks managed by the self-governing districts, compared to the ones under the direct management of the city. Furthermore, the analysis of the average annual budget for each park and how long (in terms of year) the budget for each park is invested showed that it was classified into three different types of category. Local governments adhere to the principle that their budget must be compiled and expended for a single year, which makes it hard to establish and push ahead with a long-term plan. However, as parks and green areas should not be approached from a short-term perspective for performance but from a long-term perspective, securing the consistent amount of budget is essential. This study has significance in that it attempted to analyze the budget issues related to parks, which has not been studied in depth so far, but the subject in this paper was limited to the budget for Green Seoul Bureau. Therefore, further research is needed because the parks managed by the self-governing districts were not considered.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling aid global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission. The model that is based on C, 13C and 14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed $CO_2$ concentration, $\delta$13C and $\Delta$14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C in the soil, and $\Delta$14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO, emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, 13C and 14C as $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuel use, and 14C injection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropoRenic $CO_2$ shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost cia organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in $CO_2$ policy and management, climate modeling, $CO_2$ impacts, and crop models.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2011

Water budget analysis in the groundwater system was conducted in order to understand water budget distributions in the ground water system in Geum-gang watershed. The annual amounts of precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, dam storage change and water supply over the sub-watershed in Geum-gang watershed were evaluated the residual groundwater from 2002 to 2006, based on the water budget considering inflow and outflow. Then we are able to expect residual groundwater of each sub-basin. According to the result of study, the year 2003 and 2006 were recorded the highest and the lowest precipitation value, respectively. Average run-off percentage against precipitation was 60.44%. Annual evapotranspiration in each of years didn't show the remarkable variations but the values were high in the lower reaches of the basin. The residual waters in Geum-gang basin were determined to be 133.36 in 2002, 77.64 in 2003, -19.40 in 2004, -82.25 in 2005 and -128.07 mm in 2006. The residual water in Geum-gang basin was high in the main and up stream such as Maepo. Also the residual water showed low distributions in Nonsan and Seokhwa.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.217-227
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• 1987

The heat budget of the south eastern region (33$^{\circ}$N-36$^{\circ}$N, 120$^{\circ}$E-125$^{\circ}$E) of the Yellow Sea was calculated by using the meteorological and oceanographical data. The sensibly heat, the evaporation heat and the long wave back radiation have annual variation and increases toward south with strong gradient along the Cheju channel in winter, but they all show tendency to decrease toward eastern coastal area in summer. The area is roughly divided into three parts, the central part, the coastal part and the southern part, according to the characteristics ovariation and distribution patterns of the exchanged heats. The amplitude of the annual variation of total heat exchange in the southern part is very large compare to those of the central and coastal part. The studied area is appeared to be heated mainly by the evaporation heat and the sensoble heat, based on the results of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.103-107
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• 2014

Together with housings, general buildings and industrial facilities, multi-purpose complexes are equipped with various and special equipment. They are often used by many unspecified people, which causes an increase in annual electricity consumption. Because of this, a great amount of money has been spent for electric charge, far more in excess of the budget, so a reasonable electricity rate needs to be estimated. In this study, we surveyed the power consumption, average power use, and annual electricity bill of multi-purpose complexes in the past five years. To see the general tendency of the survey, we conducted a statistical analysis with such parameters as average, maximum, and minimum values. Through regression analysis, we could see the trend of the survey in linear way. Based on the survey, we have developed an electric-rate calculation program to estimate the next year's budget on electricity.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.564-572
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• 2019

Numerical simulation of the sediment by the Delft3d model was conducted to examine the changes in the sediment budget transport caused by long-term wave changes at the Maengbang beach. Representative waves were generated with input reduction tools using NOAA NCEP wave data for about 40 years, i.e., from January 1979 to May 2019. To determine the adequacy of the model, wave and depth changes were compared and verified using wave and depth data observed for about 23 months beginning in March 2017. As a result of the error analysis, the bias was 0.05 and the root mean square error was 0.23, which indicated that the numerical wave results were satisfactory. Also, the observed change in depth and numerical result were similar. In addition, to examine the effect due to long-term changes in the waves, the NOAA wave data classified into each of the representative wave grades, and then the annual trend of the representative wave was analyzed. After deciding the weight of each wave class considering the changed wave environment in 2100, the amounts of sedimentation, deposition, and the sediment transport budget were reviewed for the same period. The results indicated that the sedimentation pattern did not change significantly compared to the current state, and the amount of the local sediment budget shown in the present state was slightly less. And there has been a local increase in the number of sediment budget transport, but there is no significant difference in the net and amount of sediment movements.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.151-174
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• 2006

To improve the international competitiveness of research and academic libraries in Korea, it is essential to review the total amount of domestic information resources in comparison with those of other advanced countries, and then to make their best use. In this study, an attempt is made to estimate the annual budget for collecting foreign knowledge information resources spent by academic and research libraries in Korea. This budget estimate could be used for a basis for setting up the appropriate collection size and the efficient channel for distributing and sharing information resources among academic and research libraries on the governmental level. The total budget for collecting foreign knowledge information resources, including foreign monographs and scholarly journals in print, and the budget for foreign electronic journals, and web databases were estimated for academic libraries and research libraries, respectively, while the budget for international document delivery services was estimated without distinction between the types of libraries.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2012

Long-term national railway building comprehensive review of the proposal had 100 in railway history, railway rail network plan. Planning routes for establishing a plan, but, considering the rail network, the plan was that could with the very important meaning in the What more economical route considering the costs and benefits of building a rail network under budget constraints, went through the process of background lines of business unit interval expenses to adopt a business unit interval. Especially in building the railway network, as well as the road plan was to reflect in order to build for the future railway facilities was secured examine the possibility of possible budget commitment. Budget of securing the transportation tax, gasoline tax, and other transportation facilities in order to secure and commit the current funding approach and Review Bodu possible budget scenarios based on it written. Was also enforce rail system built in reviewing the demand more than anything that can take advantage of the railway distance by railway and the merits of the competition means to compete in the form of the assumed situation. The rail network deployment plan, considering this was discussed, based on the results of the plan to establish the first annual or period of the plan change was based on the budget that was unknown.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.189-195
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the budget and cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur, essential elements and principal constituents of acid rain, their input through precipitation, and their output by streamflow were quantified in coniferous and deciduous forested watersheds, using combination of nutrient concentration and hydrological analysis, in Kwangnung Experimental Forest from July 1991 to December 1993. Amount of annual mean precipitation was $12,916\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, annual mean runoff $5,094\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(39%), $7,467\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(59%) in coniferous and deciduous forest watersheds, respectively. Amounts of annual input of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ through preciptation were 12.5, $81.72\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, repectively. Annual output via runoff of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were 0.06, $39.23\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed ecosystem, and 0.15, $55.46\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one, respectively. On the basis of annual nutrient input and output, the annual budget of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were +12.46, $+42.49\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed, and +11.35, $+26.26\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one. Thus $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were accumulated in both forested watershed ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.270-284
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• 2018

Paldang is a river reservoir located in the Midwest of Korea, with a water volume of $244{\cdot}10^6m^3$ and a water surface area of $36.5km^2$. It has eutrophied since the construction of a dam at the end of 1973, and the phosphorus concentration has decreased since 2001. Average hydraulic residence time of the Paldang reservoir is about 10 days during the spring season and 5.6 days as an annual level. The hydraulics and water quality of the reservoir can differ greatly, both temporally and spatially. For the spring period (March to May) in 2001 ~ 2017, the reservoir mean total phosphorus concentration calculated from the budget model based on a plug-flow system (PF) and a continuous stirred-tank reaction system (CSTR) was 13 % higher and 10 % lower than the observed concentration, respectively. A composite flow system (CF) was devised by assuming that the transition zone was plug flow, and that the lacustrine zone was completely mixed. The mean concentration calculated from the model based on CF was not skewed from the observed concentration, and showed just 6 % error. The retention coefficient of the phosphorus derived from the CF was 0.30, which was less than those of the natural lakes abroad or river reservoirs in Korea. The apparent settling velocity of total phosphorus was estimated to be $93m\;yr^{-1}$, which was 6 ~ 9 times higher than those of foreign natural lakes. Assuming CF, the critical load line for the total phosphorus concentration showed a hyperbolic relation to the hydraulic load in the Paldang reservoir. This is different from the previously known straight critical load line. The trophic state of the Paldang reservoir has recently been estimated to be mesotrophic based on the critical-load curve of the phosphorus budget model developed in this study. Although there is no theoretical error in the newly developed budget model, it is necessary to verify the validity of the portion below the inflection point of the critical-load curve afterwards.