• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2018

Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries sustained during athletic activities and daily life. Acute ankle sprain is usually managed conservatively with functional rehabilitation but the failure of conservative treatment leads to the development of chronic ankle instability. The development of repetitive ankle sprains and persistent symptoms after injury has been termed chronic ankle instability. Acute ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability require a careful evaluation to detect other comorbidities, such as subtalar instability, osteochondral defect, peroneal tendinopathy, tarsal coalition, os trigonum, flexor hallucis longus tendinitis, calcaneus anterior process fracture, and neural injuries. For the successful treatment of acute ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability, the treatment of comorbidity lesions should be performed first.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.18-26
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• 2008

The present study was aimed at investigating the postural control ability of volleyball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects were 26 male volleyball players were divided into 2 groups (13 subjects with functional ankle instability and 13 subjects with ankle stability) who could evaluate Questionnaire. All the male participants were tested by a Balance Master System. This study were to measure of static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, motor function the difference between functional ankle instability group and control group. Ankle instability group and stable group in postural sway ($^{\circ}/sec$) on film surface with eye closed in modified clinical test sensory interaction on balance, and left unilateral stance with eye opened and closed were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in limit of stability were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in left/right rhythmic weight shirt were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in turn time (sec) & turn sway ($^{\circ}$) during step/quick turn and end sway ($^{\circ}/sec$) in tandem walk were significantly different (p<.05). This study showed that volleyball players with functional ankle in stability were effected postural control ability by static balance & dynamic balance ability. Further study is needed to measure various athletic with functional ankle instability for clinical application.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1190-1194
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the complex ankle exercises on balance. 22 participants (male: 14, female: 8) with functional ankle instability were participated. Functional ankle instability was selected to be less than 24 points using the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) with people who had severe ankle sprain and then experiencing ankle giving way. A total of 20 minutes performed three times a week for four weeks with muscle strength and balance exercises. Muscle strengthening exercise was performed with Theraband, and balance exercise was performed with unstable support plates. Biodex balance system(R) was used to measure static and dynamic balance. The dynamic balance was selected in grade 2, 4, and 8. The static and dynamic balance (grade: 2, 4,and 8) balance was significantly decreased in anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral directions (p<.05). The instability was significantly increased after exercise (p<.05). These results suggest that complex exercises are beneficial to decreasing the functional ankle instability.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.2036-2041
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• 2020

Background: Ankle sprain in the Lead Leg Side (ALLS) is common in fencing athletes, and studies comparing the ankle range of motion (ROM) and strength of both legs are insufficient. Objectvies: To compare the ankle ROM and hip strength between two legs in fencing athletes who has ankle instability in the lead leg side. Design: Cross-sectional design. Methods: Seven fencing athletes with ankle instability participated in this study, and they randomly assigned into ankle in the Lead Leg Side (ALLS) and ankle in the Rear Leg Side (ARLS). Instability was determined by the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and then joint ROM and hip muscle strength were measured. Results: There were significant differences in dorsiflexion ROM, hip strength (extension and abduction) between the ALLS with ankle instability and ARLS (P<.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the ankle ROM and hip muscle strength of ARLS are greater than ALLS in fencing athletes with ankle instability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.57-69
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ankle strengthening exercise combined with sling-assisted gluteus medius strengthening on ankle instability score, and static and dynamic balance ability, muscle strength in adults in their 20s with chronic ankle instability. Methods : Twenty-eight adults in their 20s with chronic ankle instability were recruited. After screening test, they were randomized through R studio program as an experimental group (n=14) to apply an ankle strengthening exercise combined with sling-assisted gluteus medius strengthening and a control group (n=14) to apply ankle strengthening exercise. The intervention lasted two times a week for 6 weeks. To compare the intervention effects, the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) score, static and dynamic balance ability, and muscle strength of lower extremities were measured. Results : The experimental group showed a significant increase in pre and post-intervention Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) score, static and dynamic balance ability, and muscle strengt (p<.05). The control group showed a significant increase in pre and post-intervention CAIT score, dynamic balance ability, and muscle strength (p<.05). The experimental group showed a significant increase in CAIT score, dynamic balance ability, and muscle strength compared to the control group (p<.05), and showed a high effect size. Conclusions : The results of this study confirmed that ankle strengthening exercise combined with sling-assisted gluteus medius strengthening on people with chronic ankle instability the possibility that it could be effective in improving ankle instability and improving dynamic balance ability, and strength by movement. Although additional research is needed to increase the number of participants due to the small sample size, it is hoped that this study will be an optimistic clinical protocol for people with chronic ankle instability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects on muscle activation and ankle instability following sudden ankle inversion of the closed kinetic chain exercise using visual feedback to evaluate chronic ankle instability in adult males. METHODS: In this study, 28 subjects with chronic ankle instability were recruited and randomly divided into a closed kinetic chain exercise using a visual feedback group(n=13) and an open kinetic chain exercise group(n=15). Each group underwent 30 minutes of exercise three times a week for 8 weeks. The electromyographic(EMG) values of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were measured to analyze muscle activity. The Cumberland ankle instability tool(CAIT) was used to measure ankle instability. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvements in tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and CAIT score(p<.05). In the experimental group, there were significant improvements in the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activation(p<.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that closed kinetic chain exercise using visual feedback can be a useful treatment method for patients with chronic ankle instability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of whole body vibration stimulation on ankle instability, ankle range of motion, and balance ability in adult with chronic ankle instability. METHODS: Forty-five adult with chronic ankle instability were randomly equally allocated the I group (whole body vibration stimulated at 10 Hz), or the II group (20 Hz), or the III group (25 Hz). All the participants (male:13/female: 32, age: $26.64{\pm}3.14$) in this study received whole body vibration therapy for an additional 15 minutes after hot pack and ultrasound three times a week for four weeks. Outcome were measured before and after 4 weeks training. RESULTS: All the three groups showed significant differences in AII and CAIT after intervention (p<.05). I group showed the most significant difference (p<.05). All the three groups also showed significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion after training (p<.05). I group showed greater increase than the other groups in ankle dorsiflexion (p<.05). The X-axis, Y-axis, and fluctuation speed were significantly decreased in the three groups (p<.05), but there was no significant difference between the three groups after the intervention. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the whole body vibration stimulation according to various frequencies is effective for improve ankle instability, ankle range of motion and balance ability in adult with chronic ankle instability. 10 Hz whole body vibration stimulation could help improve ankle instability and ankle range more effectively than other frequencies.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.91-97
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the short-term effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on pain, the ankle instability, the ankle function, dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), and dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Eighteen participants were divided into an experimental (n=9) and control group (n=9). The ESWT in the experimental group was applied to the lateral collateral ligament in combination with the tibialis anterior whereas the ESWT was applied to the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle alone in the control group. Pain, the ankle instability, the ankle function, dorsiflexion ROM, and dynamic balance were measured using the Visual analog scale, Cumberland ankle instability tool, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score, weight-bearing lunge, and Y-balance test, before and after ESWT intervention. Results: Significant interactions (group × time) and time effects were observed in the dorsiflexion ROM and dynamic balance. Bonferroni's post-hoc analysis showed that the experimental group revealed a more significant change in dorsiflexion ROM and dynamic balance than the control group. There was a significant time effect in the pain, the ankle instability, and the ankle function, but no significant interaction (group × time) was observed. Conclusion: The ESWT could improve the pain, ankle instability, ankle function, dorsiflexion ROM, and dynamic balance in patients with CAI. Furthermore, the ESWT combined with lateral ankle ligaments and tibialis anterior more improves the dorsiflexion ROM and dynamic balance.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Background: The multiple hop test is an active performance test that has been commonly used to assess individuals with functional ankle instability. Previous studies have suggested that insufficiency of dynamic postural stability and passive stability during dynamic activities can have an influence on performance in the multiple hop test. However, no study has investigated the effects of dynamic postural stability training and ankle bracing on multiple hop test performance in individuals with functional ankle instability. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of dynamic postural stability training versus ankle bracing in the performance of the multiple hop test for participants with functional ankle instability. Methods: Twenty-nine participants with functional ankle instability who scored below 24 in the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool were selected. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: a dynamic postural stability training group (n1=14) and an ankle bracing control group ($n_2=15$). The multiple hop tests were performed before and after applying each intervention. Dynamic postural stability training was performed using visual-feedback-based balance-training equipment; participants in this group were asked to perform a heel raise in a standing position while watching the centering of their forefoot pressure to prevent excessive ankle inversion. Ankle bracing was applied in the control group. Results: When comparing the pre- and post-intervention period for both groups, both methods significantly improved the results of the multiple hop test (p<.05). However, no significant differences were shown between the dynamic postural stability training and ankle bracing groups (p>.05). Conclusion: Both dynamic postural stability training and ankle bracing showed significant improvement (2.85 seconds and 2.05 seconds, respectively) in test performance. Further study is needed to determine the long-term effects of dynamic postural stability training and to determine whether insufficient dynamic postural stability is a causative factor for functional ankle instability.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.251-255
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• 2002

Purpose: Chronic subtalar instability is not common and similar to chronic ankle instability and the incidence and cause chronic subtalar instability are not well known. Recently we have experienced chronic subtalar instability without chronic ankle instability which was treated with modified Brostrom procedures. Materials and Methods: The patient is 46 year old man who has suffered from left ankle sprain for 30 years and recently aggravated more than twice a day. On subtalar stress view, 14 degree angulation of subtalar joint was noted and on anterior drawer view, 8 mm anterior displacement of left ankle was seen. Results: In operation, there was no anterior talofibular ligament abnormility but calcaneofibular ligament loosening was found. Ligament reconstruction was performed using modified Brostrom procedure. At 12 months after operation, the patient complains no pain and no limit of motion and no instability. Conclusion: We experienced chronic subtalar instability without ankle instability treated with modified Brostrom procedures. No instability was found after treatment without complication.