• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1207-1217
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• 2022

Vegetation indices using the reflectance of selected wavelength, associating with the monitoring purpose such as identifying the progress of crop growth, on the vegetation canopy surface is widely used in the digital agriculture technology. However, the surface reflectance anisotropy can distort the true value of vegetation index related to the condition of surface, even though the surface property be unchanged. That causes difficulty to observe accurately crop growth on the monitoring system. In this study, a simple type goniometer was designed to measure the reflectance from the anisotropic surface according to various zeniths and azimuths of sun and viewing sensor in the field. On the tarp like as Lambertian surface, the reflectance of Blue, Green, Red, Near-Infrared band was similar to the tarps' reflectance properties. However, the reflectance was slightly overestimated in the cloudy day. The relative difference values of vegetation indices on grass were overestimated for the forward viewing and underestimated for the backward viewing. In addition, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) showed less sensitive according to the positions of sun and sensor viewing. Field observation with a goniometer will be helpful to understand the anisotropy characteristics on the vegetation surface.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.150-168
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• 2023

The anisotropic behavior of rocks is primarily attributed to the directional arrangement of rock-forming minerals and the distribution characteristics of microcracks. Notably, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks often exhibit distinct transverse isotropy in terms of their strength and deformation characteristics. Consequently, it is crucial to gain accurate insights into the deformation and failure characteristics of transversely isotropic rocks during rock mechanics design processes. The deformation of such rocks is described by five independent elastic constants, which are determined through laboratory testing. In this study, the characteristics of the directional variation of apparent elastic constants in transversely isotropic rocks were investigated using experimental data reported in the literature. To achieve this, the constitutive equation proposed by Mehrabadi & Cowin was introduced to calculate the apparent elastic constants more efficiently and systematically in a rotated Cartesian coordinate system. Four transversely isotropic rock types from the literature were selected, and the influence of changes in the orientation of the weak plane on the variations of the apparent elastic modulus, apparent shear modulus, and apparent Poisson's ratio was analyzed. Based on the investigation, a new constraint on the elastic constants has been proposed. If the proposed constraint is satisfied, the directional variation of the apparent elastic constants in transversely isotropic rocks aligns with intuitive predictions of their tendencies.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 1999

Differential Strain Analysis (DSA) was performed to examine the characteristics of microcracks for the granites from two sites, Noeunri and Gunggiri. The results of the DSA are taken every 5 MPa for the first 50 MPa, then every 10 MPa to a pressure of 100 MPa, and then every 15 MPa to a pressure of 250 MPa. Differential strain was measured on core samples in three horizontal directions, using $45^{\circ}$ rosette strain gages, and one vertical direction. The gradients of cumulative crack strain curves in one vertical direction and three horizontal directions differed from one another, indicating anisotropic crack development in the sample. The magnitude of vertical cumulative crack strain was the highest, indicating that the microcracks from the studied rock are generally developed in horizontal direction. Under the pressure of 240 Mpa, vertical cumulative crack strains for samples N-1, N-2, G-1, and G-2 were $74{\times}l0^{-6}~820{\times}l0^{-6},\; 190{\times}l0^{-6}~460{\times}l0^{-6},\; 329{\times}l0^{-6}~836{\times}l0^{-6},\; 833{\times}10^{-6}~1,592{\times}l0^{-6}$, respectively. Under the pressure of 25O MPa, volumetric crack strains for Gunggiri and Noeunri ranged from $1,804{\times}10^{-6}\; to\; 3,936{\times}10^{-6}\; and \;from,\; 1, 125{\times}10^{-6}\; to\; 1,457{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively. Therefore, the amount of microcrackes produced were more distributed in Gunggiri than Noeunri. The ratio of a maximum crack strain to a minimum crack strain was calculated to find the orientations between microcracks and the rift plane of the granites. Generally, the ratio has very high values ranging from 2.42 to 3.43, which suggests most microcracks to be intragranular cracks with the regular orientations. These results indicate that the preferred orientations of microcracks in the granites were almost parallel to the rift plane of the granites.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.484-492
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• 2012

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on the growth and physiological characteristics of common indoor plant species. Five foliage plant species, Spathiphyllum spp., Ardisia pusilla DC., Syngonium podophyllum, Peperomia pereskiifolia, and Pilea cadierei were potted into plastic pot equipped with round type anisotropic sintered NdFeB permanent magnet inside the pot. The surface magnetic flux density of each magnet was 3,500 G. After 6 months of growth period, the biomass accumulations of Spathiphyllum, A. pusilla, and P. cadierei under SMF were statistically higher than those of controls. Tissue water content also increased under the influence of SMF in most species. The photosynthetic rate of Spathiphyllum under SMF significantly increased but other species showed no significant difference compared with control. Although there was no significant increase in the photosynthetic rates of A. pusilla, and P. cadierei, they showed remarkable increase in total fresh weight under SMF. This suggests that the demand of assimilates for normal metabolism could be decreased under magnetic influence and thereby biomass accumulation could be more favored. But this is not always true for all plant species because P. pereskiifolia in this experiment, showed no changes in both photosynthetic rate and biomass accumulation. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were enhanced significantly in most plant species under influence of SMF. Chlorophyll a/b ratio also increased by SMF. Although there might be a limitation depending on plant species, these results suggest that long-term exposure to SMF might allow plant to have an enhanced acclimation capacity against environmental fluctuations and optimal application of SMF could increase the practical use of indoor plants such as an attempt to improve indoor air quality.