• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of a herbal recipe(Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$, Herb BIO Co.) supplemented to a commercial layer diet. The Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$ is an improved recipe of Herb $Mix^{(R)}$, fortified with Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica and Ligusticum jeholense. A total of 720 layers (Hy-Line Brown) of 45 wks old were assigned to one of six treatments; control, 0.2% Herb $Mix^{(R)}$, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$, and 6 ppm Avilamycin. Each treatment had 6 replicates of 20 birds each housed in 2 birds cages. Birds were fed diets and water ad libitum for 5 weeks. Hen-day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) different among treatments. Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$ 0.2% treatment showed the highest egg production followed by Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$ 0.3%, Herb $Mix^{(R)}$ 0.2%, Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$ 0.1%, Avilamycin 6 ppm and the control. Hen-housed egg production, egg weight, soft and broken egg ration, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, shell strength, shell thickness, shell color index, Haugh unit and yolk color index were not significantly different among treatments. Nor was cfu of Cl. perfringens and E. coli and Lactobacilli in the small intestinal content significantly different among treatments. The number of white and red blood cells, hemoglobin, heterophil, lymphocyte, thus heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were not significantly modified. It was concluded that Herb Mix $Gold^{(R)}$ at the level of 0.2% in the layer diet improves laying performance.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of sprinkler and fan cooling system on the physiological parameter, milk production and milk composition for Holstein cows in hot, humid climates. Thirty cows were assigned to one of two sections of open-sided loose barn. Water nozzles of sprinkler system were spaced in line at 1.2m intervals. Forced air was provided by 85cm diameter fans at rate of 3.4㎥/sec. The results obtained from these experiments are as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in meteorological data between control and fan + sprinkler cooling system(treatment group). 2. Skin temperature and rectal temperature of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (32.96 : 39.53$^{\circ}C$ vs 34.02 : 41.21$^{\circ}C$ respectively) (P<0.05). 3. Serum cortisol concentration of the treatment group(0.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/dL) was lower than that of control group(1.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/dL)(P<0.05). 4. Milk production of cows cooled with a sprinkler and fan cooling system was significantly higher than that of no cooling system (P<0.0l). 5. Lactose, protein and solid-not-fat content of milk were not changed by the treatments. Milk fat content of the control(3.23%) was low compared with the treatment group(3.38%). Somatic cell count was reduced by 26.63% in the treatment. The results indicate that a sprinkler and fan cooling systems can provide an effective means to relieve heat stress and enhance productivity of lactating Holstein cows during hot and humid summer season.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

Most of broiler houses in Korea have the trouble of environmental control such as suitability, stability, and uniformity of internal climate, resulting in serious stress on chickens. Accordingly, it is very urgent to develop optimum designs of naturally and mechanically ventilated broiler houses for Korean climate. In this study, the internal climates such as air temperature, humidity, dust, ammonia gas, and air velocity were measured at a naturally ventilated broiler house. The data were collected during summer season including local weather data. It was found that the difference between measured and optimum air temperatures was $14.0^{\circ}C$ in maximum during the summer time. The daily maximum range of internal averaged air temperature was found $10.5^{\circ}C$ while the uniformity was $5.2^{\circ}C$ in maximum. The maximum, average, and minimum internal averaged relative humidity were 89.3%, 73.7%, and 49.2%, respectively while locally measured were 95.1% and 47.2%, respectively in maximum and minimum. Considering Temperature-humidity index, during summer season, over 97% of totally rearing period was shown that counter plan is needed for thermal stress while it was very dangerous situation for 22% of the rearing period. The ammonia gas and dust concentrations were seriously affected by the broilers activity, growth level, and relative humidity.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2019

This study carried out to determine control factors for the improvement of productivity of laying hens suffering heat stress during hot weather. A total of 48,451 ISA Brown layers were housed in a farm located in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea. Five thermo-hydrometer loggers were installed inside the house to collect data of dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity. The experiment continued for 81 days when the summer season begins from 19th June to 7th September, 2018. This study analyzed the correlations among layers' production index and daily average, highest, and lowest temperature; daily average, highest, and lowest relative humidity; and daily average, minimum, and maximum THI. The result indicated that feed consumption, hen-day egg production, egg weight, and FCR decreased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.01). On the other hand, water intake increased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.001). The relative humidity was not considered to have direct correlations to the layers' production index (p>0.05). However, it was noticeable that the mortality did not have significant relations with daily average and highest temperature; THI; or daily average, highest and lowest relative humidity while it was relevant to the daily lowest temperature and THI (p<0.05). In conclusion, to enhance the productivity of laying hens in a hot climate, it is recommended that daily average, highest, and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI are maintained as low as possible. Especially, the daily lowest temperature is needed to lower to 20℃, which is the lowest critical temperature for layers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.649-658
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• 2003

Early introducing the ducks into the paddy field involves a variety of environmental changes such as new surroundings and contact with water, so that some free-ranged ducks show behavioral and physiological changes indicative of stress or die from not adapted for new circumstances. Moreover, the free-ranged ducks was tread on the rice plant, and required a great deal of labor and time for captured the ducks after finishing the introducing. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of accustoming and imprinting of duckling on behavior patterns, body weight gain and yield of the rice plant in paddy fields. Three paddy plots were used as control (no imprinting and no contact with people), taming (imprinting and regular handling) and roughness (handling roughly and strike terror to ducks) plots. Right after introducing the ducks into the paddy field, eating and moving behaviour of taming plot ducks tended to be longer time spend than that of other treatments. However, eating and moving time tended to be longer in the control than that of other two treatments on the 2 weeks after. Flighting distance was not showed in the free-ranging period taming plot, but the control plot was significantly (P<0.05) longer than the roughness plot. The captured time of free-ranged ducks tended to be shorter in the order of taming, control and roughness plots. Body weight gains was not significant. The number of rice plants damaged by free-ranging ducks in the taming plot were significantly (P<0.05) less than that in the control plot, but the yield and yield components of the rice plant were not differ among 3 treatments. These results indicated that the imprinting or regular handling and related treatments of duckling was reducing badly damage of rice plants, captured time and labor of free-ranged ducks in paddy field, although the working behavior of ducks and yield ability of the rice plants were not affected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.505-513
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• 2017

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate whether ambient temperature and dietary glycerol addition affect growth performance, and blood metabolic and immunological parameters, in beef cattle. Methods: Twenty Korean cattle steers ($405.1{\pm}7.11kg$ of body weight [BW], $14.2{\pm}0.15$ months of age) were divided into a conventional control diet group (n = 10) and a 2% glycerol- added group (n = 10). Steers were fed 1.6% BW of a concentrate diet and 0.75% BW of a timothy hay diet for 8 weeks (4 weeks from July 28th to August 26th and 4 weeks from August 27th to September 26th). Blood was collected four times on July 28th, August 11th, August 27th, and September 26th. Results: The maximum indoor ambient temperature-humidity index in August (75.8) was higher (p<0.001) than that in September (70.0), and in August was within the mild heat stress (HS) category range previously reported for dairy cattle. The average daily gain (ADG; p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p<0.001) were higher in hotter August than in September. Glycerol addition did not affect ADG and feed efficiency. Neither month nor glycerol addition affected blood concentrations of cortisol, triglyceride, or non-esterified fatty acid. Blood concentrations of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, and albumin were lower (p<0.05) on August 27th than on September 26 th, and blood phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations were also lower on August 27th than on September 27th. Glycerol addition did not affect these blood parameters. Percentages of $CD4^+$ T cells and $CD8^+$ T cells were higher (p<0.05) on July 28th than on August 27th and September 26th. The blood $CD8^+$ T cell population was lower in the glycerol supplemented-group compared to the control group on July 28th and August 27th. Conclusion: Korean cattle may not be significantly affected by mild HS, considering that growth performance of cattle was better in hotter conditions, although some changes in blood metabolic and mineral parameters were observed.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

We used a multiplex PCR primer set composed of 11 microsatellite (MS) markers and two sexing markers for gender detection. Genomic DNA extracted from hair roots of 3,510 Hanwoo were genotyped. Based on the 11MS markers, no animals had identical genotypes(TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETF10, SPS115, TGLA122, ETH3, ETH225, BM1824 and INRA23). The expected probability of identity among genotypes of random individuals (PI), the probability of identity among genotypes from random half-sibs ($PI_{half-sibs}$) and among genotypes of random individuals, and the probability of identity among genotypes from random sibs ($PI_{sibs}$) were estimated as $1.31{\times}10^{-23}$, $2.52{\times}10^{-16}$and $1.09{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively using the API-CALC program, version 1.0. We successfully completed the genotype analysis of 3,510 Hanwoo with a 3.93% genotyping failure rate. It was revealed that extracting DNA from the hair root was a time-efficient and cost-effective method to collect specimens for DNA isolation from live animals. This method also minimized stress for the animals during specimen collection. Among the hair roots from the back, belly, upper tail and lower tail, 5~13 hair roots of the lower tail led to the best genotype analysis results. Finally, we established a 96-well-format method of DNA preparation applicable for high- throughput genotype analysis.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.109-116
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate effects of distance and difference of ground level between two natural ventilating pig houses on their ventilation by using simulation. Distance between two pig houses was 6 or 12 m. Difference of ground level between two pig houses was 0 or 2 m. Mean air velocities in summer and winter were designated to 1.3 and 1.1 m/s. Under the conditions of summer, air velocities in all the pig houses in south were about 0.75 m/s regardless of distance and difference of ground level between two pig houses and air velocities in the second pig houses in north were about 0.75 m/s at difference of ground level of 0m and about 0.0 m/s at difference of ground level of 2 m, respectively. Under the conditions of winter, air velocities in all the pig houses in south were about 0.15 m/s regardless of distance and difference of ground level between two pig houses and air velocities of the second pig houses in north were about 0.0 m/s at distance of 6 m and about 0.15 m/s at distance of 12 m, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the optimum distance and difference of ground level between two natural ventilating pig houses might be 12 m and 0 m.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical relevance and effectiveness of ovariectomy (OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in terms of postoperative pain behavior and surgical stress. Thirteen healthy intact mongrel purpose-bred female dogs were used in this study. OVE was performed in six dogs whereas OVH was performed in seven dogs. Prior to, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, pain assessment was performed by using the Short form of Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and blood analysis for the determination of glucose, creatine kinase (CK), and cortisol were done. Also, surgical time, duration of anesthesia, and incision length were compared between two groups. As a result, OVH group as opposed to OVE group showed significantly longer in surgical time, duration of anesthesia, and incision length. Also, based on the two-way ANOVA test, the CMPS-SF had significant differences (p < 0.05) between two groups, with the OVE dogs having lower values at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postoperatively. In addition, in terms of CK, the value at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h were significantly (p < 0.05) increased from the baseline value for the OVH group. However, as for CK in OVE group, the values at 4, 6, and 12 h were significantly increased from the baseline value. As for blood glucose, a significant (p < 0.05) increase from the baseline was shown at 1 h postoperatively in OVH group and no significant increase was shown in OVE group. In terms of serum cortisol level, the values at the 1 and 2 h were significantly (p < 0.05) increased from the baseline value for both groups. In conclusion, our study has shown that OVE can be considered as a superior choice in terms of sterilization technique in female dogs, considering shorter incision length, surgical time, duration of anesthesia along with lower pain and surgical stress response than OVH.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.612-619
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• 2011

Cronobacter sakazakii has been isolated from a wide range of environmental sources and from several foods of animal and plant origin. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of C. sakazakii (ATCC 12868, ATCC 29004, and ATCC 29544) in cold, cold-freeze thaw, cold-acid, and cold starvation-freeze thaw stress. The number of C. sakazakii decreased to 1 log CFU/mL at $5^{\circ}C$ (cold storage) for 10 days. When C. sakazakii was cultivated at a low temperature ($13^{\circ}C$), the population of C sakazakii ATCC 12868 and 29004 increased to $10^9$ CFU/mL, and the population of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 increased to $10^8$ CFU/mL. For C. sakazakii ATCC 12868 and 29004, the cold-adapted cells ($5^{\circ}C$ 24 hr) decreased by 4 log CFU/mL, and the low-temperature-cultivated cells ($13^{\circ}C$) decreased by 0.5 log CFU/mL. In this study, low-temperature cultivation enhanced the freeze-thaw cross-resistance due to the metabolic changes in the cells. Cold stress ($5^{\circ}C$ 48 hr, $13^{\circ}C$ cultivation) enhanced the cold-acid cross-resistance. The cold-starved cells in the sterilized 0.1% peptone water enhanced the freeze-thaw cross-resistance with significant differences (p<0.05). Therefore, the increased tolerance of the cold-adapted or low-temperature-cultivated C. sakazakii cells to freeze-thaw, acid, or starvation suggests that such environments should be considered when processing minimally processed foods or foods with extended shelf life.