• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2004

The beef color stability during display of two muscles, m. longissimus thoracis and m. semitendinosus, of Japanese Shorthorn steers (n=14) was compared with that of Japanese Black steers (n=14). The beef color of each carcass was evaluated according to the Japanese Grading Standards at 24 h post mortem. Steak samples from muscles were over-wrapped with PVC film and displayed under fluorescent lights at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Metmyoglobin percentages of steak samples were determined at days 0, 3, 6 and 9. The overall grade of beef color of the carcasses of Japanese Shorthorn steers was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of Japanese Black steers. The metmyoglobin percentages during the display of two muscles of Japanese Shorthorn steers were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of Japanese Black steers. These results suggested that though beef color evaluation of the carcasses of Japanese Shorthorn steers was lower than that of Japanese Black steers, the beef color stability during the display of the muscle of Japanese Shorthorn steers was higher than that of Japanese Black steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2010

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the levels of hormones (progesterone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3) in blood plasma, growth, carcass traits and their interactions of sexually immature (n = 18) and sexually mature (n = 17) gilts. To calculate average daily weight gain (ADG), gilts were individually weighed at the beginning of the trial and at slaughter (110${\pm}$10 days old). Blood concentrations of progesterone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were determined by RIA. The right hot carcass sides were dissected and the individual basic parts from carcasses were weighed to record the carcass traits. IGFBP-3, ADG and carcass traits were not affected by pubertal maturation. Compared to sexually immature gilts, mature gilts had higher blood concentrations of progesterone and IGF-I. High correlations were noted between levels of some hormonal substances, productive performance and carcass traits of sexually immature and mature gilts.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2016

The Autofom is a equipment for predicting the amount of pig carcasses meat using the 16 ultrasonic sensors to measure in real time and it was established in Dodram LPC in Gyeonggi Province of Korea for the first time. This study was carried out to validate the reliability of Autofom statistically and to establish guideline for developing a analytic formula through comparing the measurement between Autofom and dissection. The ham parts of sixty-six pig carcasses were measured with Autofom and by two experimental performers. The weight means and standard deviations of ham parts including bone by measurements with Autofom and dissection were $10.69{\pm}0.81kg$ and $10.77{\pm}0.94kg$, respectively a strong positive correlation (P<0.01) was identified, with a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.82. The weight means and standard deviations of lean ham parts by measurements with Autofom and dissection were $7.41{\pm}0.58kg$ and $7.42{\pm}0.89kg$, respectively a strong positive correlation (P<0.01) was identified, with a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.72. The root mean square errors of two groups were 0.40 and 0.50, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.642-650
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• 1999

Options available for utilization of animal wastes include sources of plant nutrients, feed ingredients for farm animals, substrate for methane generation, and substrate for microbial and insect protein synthesis. The wastes have the most economic value for use as animal feed. Performance of animals fed diets containing animal wastes is similar to that of animals fed conventional diets. Processing of animal wastes to be used as animal feed is necessary for destruction of pathogens, improvement of handling and storage characteristics, and maintenance or enhancement of palatability. Feeding of animal waste has not adversely affected the quality and taste of animal products. In the USA copper toxicity has been reported in sheep fed high-copper poultry litter, but this is not a serious problem with cattle. Potential pathogenic microorganisms in animal wastes are destroyed by processing such as heat treatment, ensiling and deep stacking. Incidents of botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum, have been reported in cattle in some countries, and this problem was caused by the presence of poultry carcasses in litter. This problem has not occurred in the USA. With appropriate withdrawal, heavy metal, pesticide or medicinal drug accumulation in edible tissues of animals fed animal wastes is not a problem. Feeding of animal wastes is regulated by individual states in the USA. The practice is regulated in Canada, also. With good management, animal wastes can be used safely as animal feed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.260-265
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Electron Beam irradiation on physico-chemical characteristics of Hanwoo meat. A total of sir beef carcasses $(280{\sim}300\;kg)$ that were quality grade $1^+$(marbling score No. 7, meat color No. 4, maturity No. 1, texture No. 1) was purchased at the commercial slaughter house. The carcasses were transported and washed using high pressure water, and pasteurized with 50% ethyl alcohol in the laboratory. After the carcasses were deboned and trimmed, loin and round were taken out to make steak (1.5 cm thickness) or patty respectively. Samples were wrap or vacuum packaged and irradiated with 0, 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 kGy using electron-beam accelerator. Irradiated samples were used to measure pH, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and meat color. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in pH between vacuum packaged (VP) and wrap packaged (WP) treatment, and the pH was not changed by electron-beam irradiation levels. Both control and irradiated treatments of steak showed higher tendency in moisture content. In crude protein content, control was higher than irradiated treatment in steak, but there were no difference in patty. Lightness ($L^{\ast}$) of meat color has no difference between irradiated and non-irradiated treatment (p>0.05). The value of redness and Yellowness of meat was dropped by increasing irradiation (p<0.05), but there was no difference between control and 3 kGy treatment (p<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of biological critical control points using the genetic profile of Escherichia coli isolates from pork cutting plants. Samples were collected from carcasses, equipment (knife, table, glove, transport belt, boning and skinning machine), the environment (wall and floor), and meat cuts during the cutting process from two plants. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to characterize the E. coli isolates. An identical genotype was detected from the carcasses, equipment, environment, and final meat cuts, and showed that the incoming carcasses, which were contaminated during transportation from slaughterhouses, were a major source of E. coli that was spread throughout processing. Also, consistent cross-contamination due to improper cleaning and disinfection procedures was another possibility. As a result, incoming carcasses and cleaning procedures should be considered critical control points in pork cutting plants, since a heating step is not used to inactivate microorganisms. Furthermore, the high rate (59.6%) of E. coli isolation indicates E. coli can be a good indicator in livestock processing plants even though it has genetic diversity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.716-722
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• 2005

Carcass weight and backfat thickness are primary yield grading factors. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/-II, transforming growth factor $\beta$1 (TGF-$\beta$1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells including adipocytes. Also, interleukin (IL)-2/-6, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) are known to be related to muscle growth and fat depth. However, the relationships between endocrine factors and carcass grade have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the concentrations of endocrine factors in serum and muscle, and to investigate the relationship of endocrine factors with carcass grade. A total of 60 crossbred gilts (Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) were used. Blood from the jugular vein was collected at antemortem (7 days before slaughter) and postmortem periods, and M. Longissimus was collected at 45 min and 24 h after slaughter. The concentrations of IGF-I/-II, EGF, TGF-$\beta$1, IL-2/-6, cortisol and DHEA-S were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In general, IGF and EGF concentrations in serum and muscle of grade A carcasses were found to be higher than those of grade C carcasses at antemortem and postmortem periods, whereas the pattern of TGF-$\beta$1 concentration was reversed. In particular, the concentrations of muscle IGF-I (24 h postmortem) and serum TGF-$\beta$1 (antemortem) were significantly different between grades A and C (p<0.05). The present results indicate that serum and muscle growth factors affect carcass weight and backfat thickness, and indirectly suggest the possibility that carcass grade could be predicted by expression of serum and/or muscle growth factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1777-1782
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• 2007

Beef producers are trying to produce not only better quality but also greater quantity of beef in order to meet the preferences of some consumers at a lower cost. This can be accomplished if we understand the factors regulating lipid deposition in intramuscular adipose tissue and the tenderness of meat. Propylene glycol (PG) might be used as a precursor of intramuscular fat synthesis especially in the late period of fattening because adipose tissue in ruminants is thought to mature sequentially in abdominal, intermuscular, subcutaneous and intramuscular depots. The action of cholecalciferol supplementation has been verified in producing more tender meat through the enhancement of calpain activity over the postmortem ageing period. A synergistic effect can be expected if the dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) technique is used in combination with dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol. In another approach, the optimization of hormonal implant use also may provide similarly marbled beef at a much lower cost.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2015

The effects of quality grade and storage time on physicochemical, sensory properties and microbial population of Hanwoo striploin beef were investigated. After a total of 30 Hanwoo beef were slaughtered, the cold carcasses were graded by official meat grader at 24 h postmortem. The carcasses were categorized into five groups (quality grade 1++, 1+, 1, 2, and 3) and were vacuum-packaged and stored. The samples were kept for 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22 and 25 d for analyses. As the quality grade was increased, moisture, protein and ash contents decreased (p<0.05). Higher quality grade corresponded with higher fat contents. The shear force values decreased with increasing quality grade and showed decreases sharply during the first 4 d (p<0.05). pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and volatile basic nitrogen for grade 1++ groups were lower than for grade 3 (p<0.05). CIE L* and b* values increased as increased quality grade (p<0.05). Meat color decreased until 13 d and fluctuated after 15 d of storage (p<0.05). Regarding the sensory scores, higher quality grade corresponded with higher juiciness, tenderness, flavor, fatty and palatability scores (p<0.05). Generally, increased storage time for 15 d improved sensory scores attributes. Results indicate that a high quality grade could positively influence physicochemical and sensory properties.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2020

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of music enrichment on the live body weight of chickens and meat quality grade of the carcasses. Fourteen flocks at four broiler farms with identical windowless houses were provided with identical starter and finisher diets. These were either exposed to classical music or not exposed to any music from the starter to slaughter age. At 30 days posthatch, the chickens were transported from farms to a slaughterhouse. Two hundred carcasses from each flock were randomly selected for measurement of the carcass traits by the licensed meat inspectors at the slaughterhouse. The live body weights at the slaughter age were not significantly different between the two treatments. In addition, music enrichment did not affect meat freshness (i.e., torrymeter values) nor did it affect other carcass trait variables including percentage of bruises, flesh blemishes, abnormalities, and quality A grade. In conclusion, music enrichment did not affect the body weight or carcass quality of broiler chickens.