• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.602-612
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify type of anger expression and mental health in middle aged women. Methods: From August to October 2005, survey data were collected by using the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory and Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL). Participants (1,442) were classified into four types of anger expression by K-mean cluster analysis. For collecting interview data for content analysis, 18 participants (4-5 participants from each type of anger expression) were recruited. The interview data were collected between March and September 2006. Results: The average score of the state anger of middle-aged women was 11.95, and that of the trait anger was 18.75. The average anger expression scores were 12.72 for Anger-In, 13.45 for Anger-Out, and 18.51 for Anger-Control. The average SCL scores were 45.03 for somatization, 42.23 for obsessive-compulsiveness, 42.44 for interpersonal sensitivity, 42.45 for depression, 42.40 for anxiety, 42.62 for hostility, 44.44 for phobic anxiety, 43.65 for paranoid ideation, and 43.08 for psychoticism. The anger expression types identified in this study were 1) anger-out in secret, 2) anger-control with a patience, 3) anger-out with suppression, and 4) low anger expression type. The psychosomatic symptom scores were the highest in type III (anger-out with suppression), and the lowest in type IV (low anger expression type). Conclusion: This study can be helpful in assisting middle aged women to control their anger effectively and may contribute to the improvement of their mental health.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.354-361
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between health promoting behaviors and state anger and modes of anger expression in elderly women. Method: In this descriptive correlational study, the participants were 143 elderly women who lived in D city. Data were collected from September to December, 2004. Personal interviews with a structured questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS Win 11.0 program. Results: The score for health promoting behavior in the elderly women was above the mean score, The dimension with the highest score was nutrition and the dimension with the lowest score was exercise. A significant negative correlation was found between health promoting behaviors and state anger, anger-in(suppression of anger) and anger-out(expression of anger) in elderly women. But there was a significant positive correlation between health promoting behaviors and anger discussion. Conclusion: State anger, anger-out, anger-in as negative variable and anger discussion as a Positive variable were identified. These results suggest that anger should be considered as an important factor when nurses develop educational programs to enhance health promoting behavior in elderly women.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.205-226
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out the relations between 6th graders' negative cognitive process and anger experience and aggressiveness. To achieve the goal, it conducted a test to examine children's negative cognitive process, anger experience, aggressiveness targeting 100 children of 6th grade in C elementary school, Gyeonggj province. Then it conducted SPSS 12.0 statistical program to get the results of correlation analysis and regression analysis. The outcomes were as follows. First, there was a meaningfully positive relation between a negative cognitive process and anger experience. In other words, children having more negative cognitive process seemed to experience the feelings of anger more often, this presented the important role of cognition while getting into a temper Second, it reported a positive relation between anger experience and aggressiveness. Children who have experienced anger more often showed more violent behaviors, especially there were more significant positive relations between trait-anger and aggressiveness compared to state-anger and aggressiveness. This could explain some possibilities that children with high level of trait-anger might outrage more often than others by recognizing the situations as anger stimulants. Third, when conducting a regression analysis, a negative cognitive process made an effect on anger experience which affected aggressiveness. However, it did not show a negative cognitive process making a direct effect on aggressiveness. This is considered that children could experience an anger while evaluating an event or object in a negative way based on individual belief, and emotional linguistic behavioral aggressiveness would be formalized as they express the sparked fury either internally or externally. In conclusion, this study proved that there were close relations between children's negative cognitive process and anger experience and aggressiveness. A negative cognitive process affects anger experience, and anger experience affects aggressiveness afterwards. A negative cognitive process affects aggressiveness through anger experience indirectly, and especially trait-anger among anger experience is the main factor to influence on aggressiveness. With consideration of these results, it is believed that mediation is important key to moderate the negative cognition and trait-anger in order to diminish children's aggressive behaviors. This study has a meaning to provide searching for manifold mediating methods between negative cognition and trait anger, with a fundamental resource.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to examine the relationship between self-reported attachment style, trait anger and anger expression in adolescent women. Method: Five hundred and eighty adolescent women were recruited from March to May, 2006. The instruments were Spielberger's state-trait anger expression inventory-Korean version (Chon, Han, Lee, & Spilelberger, 1997), and Batholomew & Holowitz's attachment style Questionnaire (1991). Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, and ANOVA using the pc-SPSS (version 10.0) program. Result: The mean score of trait anger and anger-in were higher in adolescent women with an insecure attachment style compared to women with a secure attachment style. Conclusion: This finding suggests that family environment factors such as attachment styles are related to trait anger and anger expression in adolescent women. There is a need to further clarify the relationship of attachment style, trait anger and anger expression in adolescent men.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.141-169
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• 2007

One of the most common feelings in everyday life is anger. Anger plays an important role in activating emotional energy and increasing intolerance when confronted with hardships, frustration and improper treatments. And it provides us with controlling interpersonal behavior, organizing internal, physiological, psychological process and various adaptive functions. If anger is not properly expressed, it brings about offensive attitude, leading to not only physical impairment but also anxiety in interpersonal relations and maladaptive to everyday life. For elementary school students, frequent quarrels, abusive words and defiant attitude toward adults are also caused by students' anger. Therefore, students' anger is one of the most difficult problems to be dealt with not only psychologically but also in elementary schools. In this respect, after investigating frequently experienced anger- inducing situations and inventing anger-inducing situation questionnaire, we postulated specific situations changing irrational belief into rational one. Based on these situations, we accounted for how to cope with anger inducing factors and change irrational belief into rational one, introducing several strategies needed to control anger, invented cognitive behavioral anger control program and tried to clarify the relationship between anger inducing experience and anger regulation ability. In order to derive usual anger-inducing situations, we made 180 students with fifth and sixth grade to record the reason why he/she got angry, mood, thought, behavior and result. Through this process, we could derive 47 situations bringing about anger and prepared anger-inducing situation questionnaire. It can be divided into 3 anger inducing situations by using factor analysis into 500 elementary students of fifth and sixth grade. Cognitive behavioral anger control program used in this study consists of 13 sessions. From first to fifth session, it is composed of 10 anger control methods to make students be aware of and control their anger. From sixth through thirteenth session, the relationship between irrational belief and anger inducing is introduced is focused on how irrational belief is changed into rational one. To examine the effects of the program, high anger students and the students lacking anger control are selected. Thirty students through pre-test using anger-inducing questionnaire and anger control ability questionnaire are taught the goals and procedures. Volunteer students and students with parents' consent allocated to experimental group (12 students) and the rest of the students are control group (12 students). Cognitive Behavioral Anger Control Program are applied every 50 minutes twice a week for 7 weeks and 4 weeks before and after this program, anger-inducing situation questionnaire and anger control ability questionnaire are practiced. Data collected in this study analyzed by SPSS and Kwakstat. In the middle of this program, quarterly reports and satisfaction measuratings were evaluated to examine whether there is verbal and non-verbal behavior change and students feel satisfied with the program. The results of this study are as follows: First, Cognitive-behavioral anger control program used in this study effectively reduced anger experience and lasted for 4 weeks. Second, cognitive behavioral anger control program increased students' ability to control anger inducing situations and also effective for 4 weeks. And its effect on verbal and non-verbal behaviour was very impressive Students come to realize that irrational belief is the cause of their anger and actively apply cognitive-behavioral anger control technique to themselves as well. Students became improved in their peer relations and felt confident in everyday life. The overall evaluation of this program can be listed as follows; "very satisfactory (91.67%)", "satisfactory (8.33%)", "very helpful (91.67%)", "helpful (8.33%). In this study we first investigated several anger-inducing situations and invented anger-inducing situation questionnaire and then applied cognitive behavioral anger control program in order to control their. anger and not to experience it. By creating workbooks and manuals this method can easily be used in school education settings.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.310-319
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• 2007

Purpose: The descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of eating behavior to depression, trait anger, anger expression, Behavior Activation System(BAS) and Behavior Inhibition System(BIS) in adolescent women. Method: 437 women aged 15 to 18 years were recruited from two high schools located in Seoul, Korea. The instruments used were SCL's depression scale, Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory-Korean version for trait anger and anger expression, the Korean-BAS/BIS scale for behavior activation system and behavior inhibition system, and Eating Attitude Test(EAT-26) for eating behavior. Results: The score of EAT significantly correlated with depression, trait anger, anger expression, BAS and BIS. The EAT score also had a significant relationship with anger-in and anger-out. Depression only correlated with the dieting among factors of EAT, Trait anger, anger-in and anger-out showed a significant correlation with EAT factors such as dieting and oral control. BAS significantly correlated with dieting; whereas, BIS revealed a relationship with bulimia/food preoccupation. Conclusion: Based on this results, various variables need to be included for a nursing intervention program leading to healthy diet behaviors of adolescent women.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2011

Purpose: As anger may be strongly related to stroke, this study examined the relationship between anger expression style (anger-in, anger-out, anger-control) and risk factors for stroke to investigate the possible attribution of anger expression style to stroke incidence. Methods: The cross sectional study design was employed. The 291 participants signed consent forms and completed questionnaires including the anger expression style scales and risk factors for stroke. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and One-way ANOVA. Results: The highest score among anger expression styles of the participants was from anger-control. Participants with higher mean value of anger-out were current non-smokers, doing regular exercise, having scores above 23 in Body Mass Index, having scores above 90 cm (male) or 80 cm (female) in abdominal circumference, and having scores below 85 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. Participants with more than 5 risk factors to stroke had the highest score of anger-in. Conclusion: The results of this study implied anger expression style was psychological risk factor for stroke. Further studies to differentiate the anger expression style contributing to the risk of stroke are needed with a longitudinal study design.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship of expressions of hostility, trait anger, and anger in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Method: Ninety patients between 30 and 80 who were admitted to A hospital participated in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. The research tool consisted of 24 questions by Costa et al (1986) and 10 questions specifically on anger from the Korean version (Chon, Hahn, & Lee, 1998) of the State-Trait Anger Inventory by Spielberger (1988). All of the questions were answered using a 4-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed with SPSS Win version 10.0. Result: Mean scores for hostility, trait anger, anger-out, anger-in, and anger-control were 2.51, 2.19, 1.93, 1.85, and 2.56, respectively. Hostility and trait anger showed a significantly positive correlation to anger-out and anger-in. Conclusion: This study presented baseline data that indicate that psychosocial factors are associated with the occurrence and progression of CAD. Accordingly, various programs that include psychological interventions are required to diminish the level of hostility and anger. Also, further studies should be conducted with larger patient populations.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2012

Objectives: The study has a purpose of contributing to understanding children of multi-cultural families and healthy development of children by examining influences of parental attachment perceived by the children on their anger trait and anger expressions. Methods: The data were collected from 113 students in grade 4~6, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, pearson correlation coefficient by the SPSS/PC 18.0 program. Results: The result showed the stable attachment with parents significantly influences children's anger and expression(anger out/control). And mother's attachment was significantly stronger than father's attachment, especially mutual trust and communication. Father's attachment had significantly negative influences state-trait anger and anger out/in, and mother's attachment had significantly negative influences state-trait anger and anger out. Actually father's attachment had stronger influences children's anger and anger expression. Conclusions: There was relationship between father's attachment and anger trait/ expression by children of multi-cultural families. For the effective management of multi-cultural children's anger, programs focusing on improving father-child relationships need to be established.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.7-21
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was identify the level of stress, anger and anger expression in the clinical setting and identify the relation ships between anger and stress of nursing students in the clinical setting. A convenient sample of 213 junior college of nursing students was used for the study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average stress score in the clinical setting of subjects was 3.87. The higher level of stress in the clinical setting was 4.10 in domain of nurses, 4.10 in domain of human relationships, 4.07 in domain of report and 3.89 in domain of relationship between nursing theory and practice. 2. The average state-anger score of subjects was 1.54. 3. The average anger-out score of anger expression mode was 1.66 and 2.36 in anger-in. 4. The state-anger was found significantly related to stress of nursing students in the clinical setting (r=0.256 p<0.001). In the relationship between state- anger and stress in the clinical setting, environment, patient relationship, between nursing theory and practice, nurses, report, orientation were significantly positive correlation . 5. The anger-out of anger expression mode was not found significantly related to stress of nursing students in the clinical setting. 6. The anger-in of anger expression mode was found significantly related to stress of nursing students in the clinical setting (r=0.205 p<0.01). In the relationship between anger-in of anger expression mode and stress in the clinical setting, environment, patient, nurses, human relationships, conference were significantly positive correlation.