• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate how a labor saving for conventional hand sowing and respond to major agronomic traits under different planting density in 1993 and 1994. Each trial was a randomized block split plot with row spacing as the main plots and hill spacing as subplots. Sowing rate appeared lower in 20 or 25cm hill spacing using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Sowing time required reduced more 121 hours per hectare in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacings using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Increasing row and hill spacings reduced number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$. Both number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant and showed highly increase in wide planting. Best yield obtained in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacing using machine seeder. Accumulative mean air temperature was positively correlated with stem height, number of pods per plant and yield, otherwise accumulative rainfall was negatively correlated with ones. A highly significant negative correlation was showed between number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$ and number of branches, number of pods per plant, grain weight per plant and yield. Yield was positively correlated with number of branches, number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of calcinated calcium (CC) alone or combination with heat treatment on storage quality and microbial growth in fresh-cut broccoli. Fresh broccoli samples were cut into small pieces and washed in normal tap water (TW), $50{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ chlorinated water (pH 6.5), $1.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ CC, heat treatment in TW at $45^{\circ}C$, and CC dissolved in TW at $45^{\circ}C$ for 2 minutes separately. Samples were then packaged in $50{\mu}m$ polyethylene bags and stored at $5^{\circ}C$. Results revealed that like $50{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ chlorine, washing in CC at normal water temperature was effective in reducing microbial population in fresh-cut broccoli samples. Washing with CC combined with heat treatment increased an electrical conductivity of fresh-cut broccoli. Combined heat treatments with TW and CC reduced aerobic plate count on fresh-cut broccoli, only in initial period of storage. But, later on heat treatment induced injury of fresh-cut broccoli resulting more microbial population compared to non heat treatment. However, samples treated with CC alone had good quality with low off-odor at the end of storage. Results suggest that CC, an environment-friendly sanitizer could be an alternative to chlorinated water for washing of fresh-cut broccoli without affecting sensorial quality.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.53-62
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• 2018

Follofwing the accelerating speed-up of trains and rising demand for large-volume transfer capacity, not only in Korea, but also around the world, track structures for trains have been improving consistently. Precast concrete slab track (PST), a concrete structure track, was developed as a system that can fulfil new safety and economic requirements for railroad traffic. The purpose of this study is to provide the information required for the development and design of the system in the future, by analyzing the behavior of each structural member of the PST system. The stress distribution result for different combinations of appropriate loads according to the KRL-2012 train load and KRC code was analyzed by conducting a three-dimensional finite element analysis, while the result for different thicknesses of the grouting layer is also presented. Among the structural members, the largest stress took place on the grouting layer. The stress changed sensitively following the thickness and the combination of loads. When compared with a case of applying only a vertical KRL-2012 load, the stress increased by 3.3 times and 14.1 times on a concrete panel and HSB, respectively, from the starting load and temperature load. When the thickness of the grouting layer increased from 20 mm to 80 mm, the stress generated on the concrete panel decreased by 4%, while the stress increased by 24% on the grouting layer. As for the cracking condition, tension cracking was caused locally on the grouting layer. Such a result indicates that more attention should be paid to the flexure and tension behavior from horizontal loads rather than from vertical loads when developing PST systems. In addition, the safety of each structural member must be ensured by maintaining the thickness of the grouting layer at 40 mm or more.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.955-965
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• 2007

Safety helmets are used widely in various industries by workers since they are legally required to wear them. However, thermal discomfort is one of the major complaints from helmet users. To relieve this problem, frozen gelled packs can be considered for use inside the helmets. In this paper, tests were performed on humans to evaluate the physiological strains of wearing safety helmets and to investigate the effects of using frozen gelled packs inside the helmets. Experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber of WBGT $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under four differed experimental conditions: 1) not wearing a safety helmet(NH); 2) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack A(HA); 3) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack B(HB); and 4) wearing only a safety helmet(OH). The results were as follows. First, when comparing NH with OH, physiological responses such as $\bar{T}_{sk},\;T_r$, HR and sweat rate were significantly higher in OH and subjective sensations were reported as less hot and more comfortable than NH(p<.05). Second, in regard to the frozen gelled packs inserted inside the safety helmets, some physiological responses in HA were different from those in HB, according to the two different types of packs. HA was hotter, more uncomfortable and less exhausted than HB. However, result from both HA and HB were lower than those from OH in terms of temperature and humidity inside safety helmet, sweat rate, $T_r$ increase, heat storage(p<.05). When wearing safety helmets with frozen gelled packs, it was shown that heat strain can be alleviated. These results are expected to help millions of workers who complain that wearing safety helmets is uncomfortable and messy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.295-303
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• 1997

To investigate the transformation characteristics of nitrogen and carbon from cow manure compost amended in soil under different moisture conditions, dynamics of nitrogen and carbon were determined periodically for 15 weeks of aerobic incubation at room temperature during July${\sim}$November, 1996. Cow manure compost matured with mixing saw dust was amended with the 4 ratios (0, 2, 4, 6%(wt/wt)) in Ap horizon soil, which collected from green house in Yesan, Chungnam. Moisture was controlled with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 of mass water conte nt (${\theta}$m) to air dried soil, and water loss was compensated at every sampling. During incubation, soil pH was decreased continuously, that was caused by hydrogen generated from nitrification of ammonium nitrogen. And pH became higher with inclining cow manure compost amendment and water treatment, that meaned the increase of mineralization of organic-N to $NH_4\;^+-N$. Total nitrogen was reduced with increasing water content, but total carbon showed the contrast tendency with that of nitrogen. Therefore, C/N ratio slightly decreased in the low water condition (${\theta}$m 0.2) during incubation, but increased continuously in high water condition over ${\theta}$m 0.4. As a result, it was assumed that soil fertility is able to be reduced in the high water content over available water content. Nitrate transformation rate increased lasting in the low water content less than ${\theta}$m 0.3. Itdropped significantly in the first $2{\sim}3$ weeks of incubation over ${\theta}$m 0.4. In particular, nitrate was not detected in ${\theta}$m 0.5 of water content after the first $2{\sim}3$ weeks. In contrast, ammonium transformation was inclined with increasing water treatment. Nitrogen mineralization rate, which calculated with percentage ratio of (the sum of ex.$NH_4\;^+-N$ and $NO_3\;^--N$)/total nitrogen, was continuously increased in the low water content of ${\theta}$m 0.2 and 0.3. But it saw the different patterns in high water content over ${\theta}$m 0.4 that was drastically declined in the initial stage and then gradually inclined . From the above results, nitrogen transformation patterns differentiated decisively in water content between ${\theta}$m 0.3 and 0.4 in soil. Thus, it is very important for the maintain of suitable soil water content to enhance fertility of soil amended with manure compost. However, excess treatment of manure compost might enhance the possibility of contamination of small watershed and ground water around agricultural area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.4291-4297
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• 2015

EEG has been used to measure the emotion of amenity and discomfort in the interior space. EEG is limited to the experiment, because it is a equipment of contact type. However, Vibraimage can measure the emotion with a web camera. Because Vibraimage is a equipment of non-contact type, it is more suitable for the interior space than EEG. Therefor, it tries to find a correlation variable between EEG and Vibraimage to measure the human emotions. In this study, it were analyzed correlation of EEG and vibraimage due to variation of loudness 60[dB], 90[dB] and rosemary, jasmine scents. Check the health status of subjects who were selected 3 male students, and the period of this experiment was about months. The condition of the environmental test room was in temperature 25[$^{\circ}C$], relative humidity 50[RH%], air current speed 0.02[m/s] and illuminance 1000[lux]. It were analyzed correlation of twenty-three index of EEG(absolute ${\theta}$, relative ${\theta}$, absolute $S{\alpha}$, relative $S{\alpha}$, absolute ${\alpha}$, relative ${\alpha}$, absolute ${\beta}$, relative ${\beta}$, absolute $\gamma$, relative $\gamma$, absolute $F{\alpha}$, relative $F{\alpha}$, absolute SMR, relative SMR, $SMR/{\theta}$, $SMR+M{\beta}/{\theta}$, absolute $H{\beta}$, relative $H{\beta}$, $H{\beta}/{\alpha}$, absolute $M{\beta}$, relative $M{\beta}$, SEF50, ASEF50) and ten index of Vibraimage(Aggression, Stress, Tension/Anxiety, Suspect, Balance, Charm, Energy, Self regulation, Inhibition, Neuroticism). As a result, I was found that relative ${\gamma}$ index of EEG and neuroticism index of Vibraimage have a high correlation as (${\pm}$).414 and (${\pm}$).424.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.318-330
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• 2009

A high heat flux test facility using a graphite heating panel was constructed and is presently in operation at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, which is called KoHLT-1. Its major purpose is to carry out a thermal cycle test to verify the integrity of a HIP (hot isostatic pressing) bonded Be mockups which were fabricated for developing HIP joining technology to bond different metals, i.e., Be-to-CuCrZr and CuCrZr-to-SS316L, for the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) first wall. The KoHLT-1 consists of a graphite heating panel, a box-type test chamber with water-cooling jackets, an electrical DC power supply, a water-cooling system, an evacuation system, an He gas system, and some diagnostics, which are equipped in an authorized laboratory with a special ventilation system for the Be treatment. The graphite heater is placed between two mockups, and the gap distance between the heater and the mockup is adjusted to $2{\sim}3\;mm$. We designed and fabricated several graphite heating panels to have various heating areas depending on the tested mockups, and to have the electrical resistances of $0.2{\sim}0.5$ ohms during high temperature operation. The heater is connected to an electrical DC power supply of 100 V/400 A. The heat flux is easily controlled by the pre-programmed control system which consists of a personal computer and a multi function module. The heat fluxes on the two mockups are deduced from the flow rate and the coolant inlet/out temperatures by a calorimetric method. We have carried out the thermal cycle tests of various Be mockups, and the reliability of the KoHLT-1 for long time operation at a high heat flux was verified, and its broad applicability is promising.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify useful predictors for diagnosing bacterial meningitis and performing CSF studies in febrile infants three months or younger. Methods : Six hundred and fifty two febrile infants with a rectal temperature ${\geq}38.0^{\circ}C$ presented from January 2003 to April 2008 and were retrospectively studied. The total white blood cell count (WBC), band count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood cultures were performed on admission. The clinical variables associated with bacterial meningitis were analyzed. Results : In patients with bacterial meningitis, the clinical variables including CRP (P=0.036), band count (P=0.037), ANC (P=0.036) and age (P=0.001) were significantly different. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.969 for CRP, 0.946 for the band count, 0.765 for the ANC and 0.235 for age. A CRP cutoff point of 8 mg/dL was determined to maximize both the sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 83%, specificity 95%, likelihood ratio 16.6). A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL "ruled-out" bacterial meningitis, with a likelihood ratio of 0.17, a posttest probability of <0.1% and negative predictive value 91%. A CRP concentration greater than 9 mg/dL had a much higher likelihood ratio (20.1) than the band count (16.6) and ANC (2.2). Conclusion : The CRP concentration was a useful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants three months of age or younger. A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL effectively ruled out bacterial meningitis; a value ${\geq}9mg/dL$ increased the clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis and the need for CSF evaluation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2005

The quality characteristics of bread added with the levels of $0\%,\;1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were investigated. Mixing water absorption capacity was increased by increasing amounts of prickly pear powder. Mixing time of dough was increased compared to that of wheat flour by added prickly pear powder, while it decreased as prickly pear powder content increased. Dough stability of wheat flour added with $1.0\%$ prickly pear powder was similar to wheat flour dough, while decreased by increasing amount of prickly pear powder at the range of $2.0\~4.0\%$. Pasting temperature($66.1\~66.9^{\circ}C$) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder was lower($67.8^{\circ}C$) than that of wheat flour. Peak viscosity($2,226\~2,375$ cp) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were higher(2,288 cp) than control, and increased with increasing amount of prickly pear powder Setback($797\~750$ cp) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were lower(803 cp) than that of wheat flour, and decreased with increasing amount of prickly pear powder. The volume of dough added with prickly pear powder decreased compared to that of the wheat dough. The specific loaf volume of bread added with prickly pear powder decreased($8.0\~18.5\%$) compared to that of the wheat bread. Color of crumb was deep red gradually with the increasing amount of substituted prickly pear powder. Hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of bread were increased gradually with the increasing amount of substituted prickly pear powder but the springiness was decreased. The sensory evaluation showed that bread of wheat flour added with $2.0\%$ prickly pew powder was superiority than the wheat flour bread.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.501-506
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the purification efficiency in rearing water of the land based fish farm by screen filter and ultra violet (UV) irradiation. Purification efficiency for rearing seawater has been examined with screen filter of 60 $\mu$m pore size and UV irradiation at dose of 0.5 $mWS/cm^2$ for 5 months. Purification efficiency by changing of temperature, salinity, pH, DO, total bacteria and Vibrio species in rearing seawater by filtering and UV irradiation were not significant during 5 months, However, the removing rate of suspended solid and turbidity of rearing seawater were $43.8\~45.6\%$ (average, $44,7\%$) and $29.2\~33.2\%$ (average, $31,3\%$) by filtering, respectively. Also, Purification efficiency for the $NO_3^{-}-N,\;NO_2^{-}-N,\;NH_4^{+}-N$ and $PO_4^{3-}-P$ were $21.3\~21.9\%$ (average, $21.6\%$), $24.1\~25.2\%$ (average, $24.7\%$), $17.6\~17.8\%$ (average, $17.7\%$) and $19.0\~20.4\%$ (average, $19.7\%$) respectively by the system used on this study.