• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.149-152
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• 2011

To improve the soil condition for no-tillage organic pepper cultivation, four different green manure crops were cultivated. Fertilizer supply was depended on the biomass of the cultivated green manure crops, nitrogen supplies were 314kg in Vicia villosa and 341kg $ha^{-1}$ in Vicia angustifolia. In the microbial community analyzed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method, soil microbe populations were different among the green manure crops and fungi group was increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa. The biological ratio indexes of fatty acids in the soils, the ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacterial PLFA and Ratio of aerobes to anaerobes were high at Vicia hirsute and Vicia tetrasperma suggesting the enrich of the aerobic conditions. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa suggesting anaerobic conditions. Abundant biomass and uncomposted organic matter, the ratio of fungi to bacteria was increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2015

Actinomycosis is a subacute or chronic suppurative infection caused by Actinomyces species, which are anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and urogenital tracts. Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and is associated with odontogenic infection. Characterized by an abscess and mandibular involvement with or without fistula, but the cervicofacial form of actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed because the presentation is not specific and because it can mimic numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malignant tumors. We report a rare case of actinomycosis infection with coexisting submandibular sialolithiasis. The patient presented with a $1{\times}1cm$ abscess-like lesion below the lower lip. Punch biopsy of the lesion revealed atypical squamous cell proliferation with infiltrative growth, suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent wide excision of this lesion, where the lesion was found to be an abscess formation with multiple submandibular sialolithiases. The surgical specimen was found to contain Actinomyces without any evidence of a malignant process. We assumed that associated predisposing factors such as poor oral hygiene may have caused a dehydrated condition of the oral cavity, leading to coexistence of actinomycosis and sialolithiasis.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2012

Swine wastewater was treated using a unique sequence of ion exchange membrane bed system (IEBR). Organic matter and nutrient in swine wastewater was pre-treated by electron beam irradiation. The optimal dose for solubilization of organic matter in swine wastewater ranged from 20 kGy to 75 kGy. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids were investigated as the solubilized organic fraction of swine wastewater and proteins and lipids mainly contained of the solubilized organic matter. The solubilization of organic matter in swine wastewater was affected by the combination effect of temperature and a dose. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency under room temperature conditions was 67.1%, while that under psychrophilic conditions was 54.6%. For removal of ammonia, the removal efficiency decreased from 63.6% at $23^{\circ}C$ to 33.5% $16.8^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, the removal of phosphorus was not a function of temperature. Struvite was one of main mechanisms in anaerobic condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.142-158
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• 2019

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable probiotic food. The use of high quality ingredients and predominant LAB (lactic acid bacteria)-whether it be ambient bacteria or adding starters, low temperature and facultative anaerobic condition for the fermentation are important factors for preparing kimchi with better taste and functionality. The predominated LAB genera are Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella in kimchi fermentation. The representative species are Leu. mesenteroides, Leu. citrium, Lab. plantarum, Lab. sakei, and Wei. koreensis. Kimchi, especially the optimally fermented kimchi, has various health benefits, including control of colon health, antioxidation, antiaging effects, cancer preventive effect, antiobesity, control of dyslipidemic and metabolic syndrome, etc.; due to the presence of LAB, various nutraceuticals, and metabolites from the ingredients and LAB. The kimchi LAB are good probiotics, exhibiting antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticancer effects, as well as immunomodualatory effect, antiobesity, and cholesterol and lipid lowering effects. Thus, kimchi ingredients, LAB, fermentation methods, and metabolites are important factors that modulate various functionalities. In this review, we introduced recent information showing kimchi and its health benefits in Korean Functional Foods (Park & Ju 2018).

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2022

Food waste is produced from food factories, food services, and home kitchens. The generated mass reached 5.4 million tons/year in 2020. The basic management technology for such waste has been biological degradation under an anaerobic environment. However, the whole process is intrinsically slow and considerably affected by the inner physicochemical properties of the waste and other surrounding conditions, which makes optimization of the process difficult. The most promising options to counter this massive generation of waste are eco-friendly treatments or recycling. As a preliminary step for these options, attempts were made to evaluate the feasibility and usability of three simulative models based on reaction kinetics. Model (A) predicted relative changes over reaction time for reactant, intermediate, and product. Overall, an increased reaction rate produced less intermediate and more product, thereby leading to a shorter total reaction time. Particle diminishing model (B) predicted reduction of the total waste mass. The smaller particles diminished faster along with the dominant effect of microbial reaction. In Model (C), long-chain cellulose was predicted to transform into reducing sugar. At a standard condition, 48% of cellulose molecules having 10⁵ repeating units turned into reducing sugar after 100 h. Also it was found that the optimal enzyme concentration where the highest amount of remnant sugar was harvested was 1 mg L^-1.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

In this study, thermal-alkali pre-treatment (THAP) optimal condition and co-digestion efficiency with THAP of the mixture food waste and sewage sludge were evaluated for improving the performances of co-digestion for mixed food waste and sewage sludge. The optimal condition of THAP was evaluated for solubilization COD, CST(Capillary Suction Time), TTF(Time to Filter), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with THAP temperature and NaOH concentration. In addition, the co-digestion of mixed food waste and sewage sludge were evaluated using biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. The optimal THAP reaction temperature and NaOH concentration of food waste and sewage sludge were $140^{\circ}C$ and 60 meq/L to solubilization COD over 20%, CST and TTF under 60sec and VFAs concentration over 12,000 mg-COD/L, respectively. The optimal condition of co-digestion of mixed food waste and sewage sludge equal to THAP condition. Therefore, it was determined that the optimal condition of THAP reaction temperature and NaOH concentration for co-digestion of mixed food waste and sewage sludge were $140^{\circ}C$ and 60 meq/L, respectively.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.758-761
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• 2001

In this study, the nar promoter of E. coli was characterized to see whether the nar promoter cloned onto pBBR122 can be used as an expression promoter of gram negative microbes. For this purpose, a plasmid with lacZ gene expressing ${\beta}-galactosidase$ instead of the structural genes of nar operon in a gram negative host strain(Agrobacterium.tumefaciens) was used to simplify an assay of induction of the nar promoter. The following effects were investigated to find optimal conditions: methods of inducing the nar promoter, optimal nitrate concentration, maximally inducing the nar promoter, the amount of expressed ${\beta}-galactosidase$ and induction ratio(specific ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity after maximal induction/specific ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity before induction). The following results were obtained from the experiments: the growth of Agrobacterium with E.coli nar promoter was not much affected by nitrate concentration in the shake-flask; induction of nar promoter was optimal when Agrobacterium was grown in the presence of 1% nitrate ion at the beginning of culture and when overnight culture was completely grown in the shake-flask before being transferred to other shake-flask; the amount of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ per cell and per medium volume was maximal when Agrobacterium was grown under aerobic condition to $OD_{600}$ of 1.7; then the nar promoter was induced under microaerobic and anaerobic condition made by lowering dissolved oxygen level(DO). After 2-3h of induction in the YEP medium selected as a main culture medium, the specific ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity became about 17,000 Miller units in the fermentor cluture.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

The effects of pH, glycerol concentration and salt on cell growth and ethanol production using Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190 were evaluated in the anaerobic culture condition. In condition of initial pH 5, cell growth and ethanol production were highest. An initial concentration of 10 g/L of pure glycerol gave the highest cell growth and ethanol production. However, in case of over 15 g/L of pure glycerol, they decreased. The cell growth and ethanol production decreased with the increase of salt concentration. When 10 g/L of crude glycerol was used as the carbon source, the cell growth and ethanol production were $1.32\;OD_{600}$ and 3.95 g/L, respectively, which were about 94.4% and 88.5% compared to those of pure glycerol. These result indicates that the crude glycerol produced in the biodiesel manufacturing process maybe useful as a potential carbon source for ethanol production form Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 1993

For the purpose of fixing solar energy and utilizing water wastes from food industries for SCP(single cell protein), 170 strains of photosynthetic bacteria were isolated from 56 samples. Among 170 strains, B-Ps-106 strain was selected as the most suitable strain and identified as a variant or a relation of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and its growth was better under anaerobic light condition than aerobic condition. The optimum conditions of the cell growth of B-Ps-106 were investigated on soybean-curd whey media. The optimum pH for cell growth was $8.5{\sim}9.0$. The optimum temperature was $30^{\circ}C$ and the optimum light density was above $0.72\;cal/cm^2/min$. The most favorable concentration of $K_2HPO_4\;and\;(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was both 0.9 g/l when added to soybean-curd whey media.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

A fixed biofilm reactor system composed of anaerobic, anoxic(1), anoxic(2), aerobic(1) and aerobic(2) reactor was packed with synthetic activated ceramic (SAC) media and adopted to reduce the inhibition effect of low temperature on nitrification activities. The changes of nitrification activity at different wastewater temperature were investigated through the evaluation of temperature coefficient, volatile attached solid (VAS), specific nitrification rate and alkalinity consumption. Operating temperature was varied from 20 to $5^{\circ}C$. In this biofilm system, the specific nitrification rates of $15^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ were 0.972, 0.859 and 0.613 when the specific nitrification rate of $20^{\circ}C$ was assumed to 1.00. Moreover the nitrification activity was also observed at $5^{\circ}C$ which is lower temperature than the critical temperature condition for the microorganism of activated sludge system. The specific amount of volatile attached solid (VAS) on media was maintained the range of 13.6-12.5 mg VAS/g media at $20{\sim}10^{\circ}C$. As the temperature was downed to $5^{\circ}C$, VAS was rapidly decreased to 10.9 mg VAS/g media and effluent suspended solids was increased from 3.2 mg/L to 12.0 mg/L due to the detachment of microorganism from SAC media. And alkalinity consumption was lower than theoretical value with 5.23 mg as $CaCO_3$/mg ${NH_4}^+$-N removal at $20^{\circ}C$. Temperature coefficient (${\Theta}$) of nitrification rate ($20^{\circ}C{\sim}5^{\circ}C$) was 1.033. Therefore, this fixed film nitrogen removal process showed superior stability for low temperature condition than conventional suspended growth process.