• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.816-826
• /
• 2015

The present experiment evaluated the influence of moisture level and anaerobic fermentation on aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR). The dynamic changes in chemical composition and microbial population that occur after air exposure were examined, and the species of yeast associated with the deterioration process were also identified in both non-fermented and fermented TMR to deepen the understanding of aerobic deterioration. The moisture levels of TMR in this experiment were adjusted to 400 g/kg (low moisture level, LML), 450 g/kg (medium moisture level, MML), and 500 g/kg (high moisture level, HML), and both non-fermented and 56-d-fermented TMR were subjected to air exposure to determine aerobic stability. Aerobic deterioration resulted in high losses of nutritional components and largely reduced dry matter digestibility. Non-fermented TMR deteriorated during 48 h of air exposure and the HML treatment was more aerobically unstable. On dry matter (DM) basis, yeast populations significantly increased from $10^7$ to $10^{10}cfu/g$ during air exposure, and Candida ethanolica was the predominant species during deterioration in non-fermented TMR. Fermented TMR exhibited considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Spoilage was only observed in the HML treatment and its yeast population increased dramatically to $10^9cfu/g$ DM when air exposure progressed to 30 d. Zygosaccharomyces bailii was the sole yeast species isolated when spoilage occurred. These results confirmed that non-fermented and fermented TMR with a HML are more prone to spoilage, and fermented TMR has considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Yeasts can trigger aerobic deterioration in both non-fermented and fermented TMR. C. ethanolica may be involved in the spoilage of non-fermented TMR and the vigorous growth of Z. bailii can initiate aerobic deterioration in fermented TMR.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.88-91
• /
• 1996

The anaerobically expressed gene aeg-46.5, which had been identified by the operon fusion technique with a hybrid bacteriophage of ${\lambda}$ and Mu, ${\lambda}$placMu53, was studied for its expression pattern and growth. The expression of aeg-46.5 was studied in the wild-type cell and mutant cells that have mutation (s) in the control gene of anaerobic respiration (fnr) and nitrate response (narL and narP). The ${\beta}$-galactosidase reporter gene showed maximum expression in narL host after two hours of aerobic to anaerobic switch in M9-Glc-nitrate medium. Both 40 mM and 100 mM concentrations of nitrate ion in the medium had little effect on expression level. We propose that aeg-46.5 is subject to multiple regulations of anaerobic activation by Fnr, nitrate activation by NarP and repression mediated by NarL.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.252-255
• /
• 2011

Both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) have a tdc operon that encodes enzymes involved in a metabolic pathway for the degradation of L-serine and L-threonine. However, S. Typhimurium does not have the tdcR gene, which is a positive regulator in E. coli. In the present study, transcriptional analysis revealed that tdcA expression in E. coli is higher under anaerobic than aerobic growth conditions, but the opposite is true in S. Typhimurium. Interestingly, a tdcR mutant strain of E. coli showed a similar expression pattern to that observed in S. Typhimurium and was also induced by anaerobic shock. These results suggest that the induction of tdcA expression by anaerobic conditions is observable when tdcA expression is low owing to the absence of TdcR.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제7권6호
• /
• pp.352-356
• /
• 2002

Aeration was found to affect the biological denitrification by Ochrobactrum authropi SY509. Although cell growth was vigorous under 1 vvm of aeration and an agitation speed of 400 rpm in a 3-L jar fermentor, almost no nitrate was removed. Yet under low agitation speeds (100, 200, and 300 rpm), denitrification occurred when the dissolved oxygen was exhausted shortly af-ter the inoculation of the microorganism. Ochrobactrum authropi SY509 was found to express highly active denitrifying enzymes under anaerobic conditions. The microorganism also synthesized denitrifying enzymes under aerobic conditions (1 vvm and 400 rpm), yet their activity was only 60% of the maximum level under anaerobic conditions and the nitrate removal efficiency was merely 15%. However, although the activities of the denitrifying enzymes were inhibited in the presence of oxygen, they were fully recovered when the conditions were switched to anaerobic conditions.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.202-210
• /
• 2006

자연정화공법에 의한 농촌 전원 독립가구 하수처리공법 개발을 위하여 호기성조와 혐기성조가 분리된 소형 하수처리 장치에서 혐기성조 위에 호기성조를 포갠 일체형으로 공법을 개선한 소형 하수처리장치를 설계 및 시공하여 하수처리공법별, 하수 부하량 및 하수 주입방법에 따른 수처리 효율을 조사하였다. 소형 하수처리장치의 최적공법은 호기-무산소-혐기조건이었으며, 최적여재는 쇄석이었고, 최적 하수 부하량은 $1,200L/m^3{\cdot}day$이었다. 이러한 조건에서 농촌 전윈 독립가구에서 간헐적으로 배출되는 하수에 대한 대응성을 조사하기 위해 하수 주입방법에 따른 하수처리효율을 조사한 결과 농촌 전원 독립가구 하수처리공법으로 개발된 호기-무산소-혐기조건인 소형 하수처리장치는 실제 농촌 전원독립가구에서 간헐적으로 발생되는 하수에 그대로 적용하더라도 현행 방류수 수질기준인 BOD 20 mg/L, COD 40 mg/L, SS 20 mg/L, T-N 60 mg/L 및 T-P 8 mg/L을 만족할 뿐만 아니라, 방류수 수질기준이 앞으로 BOD 10 mg/L, T-N 20 mg/L 및 T-P 2 mg/L로 강화되더라도 안정적으로 처리될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과에서 농촌 전원 독립가구 하수처리공법으로 개발한 호기-무산소-혐기조건인 소형 하수처리장치는 BOD 99%, COD 95%, SS 99%, T-N 83% 및 T-P 96%초 질소 처리효율을 호기성조와 혐기성조가 분리된 소형 하수처리장치에 비해 17%정도 향상시켰으며, 모든 조가 일체형이므로 부지면적을 최소화할 수 있다. 따라서 본 공법은 자연정화공법의 단점을 보완할 수 있으므로 농촌 전원 독립가구에 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.405-409
• /
• 2003

To study the tolerant capacity of anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) to oxygen using semi -dynamic batch experiment, the aerating time, pH of the basal media, reductive inorganic materials, microorganism, and microorganism metabolite were investigated. When the aerating time was higher or lower than 0.5 h, the producing gas activity of sludge was lower than that of the control. The oxygen tolerance of the experimental sludge was the highest at the initial pH 7.2. The producing gas activity of sludge I was higher than that of sludge II. And storage at $4^{\circ}C$ can low the lose of the oxygen tolerance capacity of granular sludge. The producing gas activity of sludge was the highest when KI was added. The growth of aerobic microorganisms and some metabolite could increase the producing gas activity of granular sludge.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
• /
• pp.105-108
• /
• 2000

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is not always successfully achieved by anaerobic/aerobic operation. It has been reported that the EBPR deterioration was caused by the outgrowth of glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO) over polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO). It was found that pHcould be a tool which might induce the success of EBPR in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) supplied with acetate. When the pH of anaerobic phase was controlled at 7.0, the operation resulted in failure of EBPR. However, when the pH of anaerobic phase increased up to 8.4, complete EBPR was achieved. We explained the mechanism of pH effect on the competition between GAO and PAO with experimental results and previously proposed biochemical models.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.411-417
• /
• 2014

The performance of the new aerobic digestion system combined with inorganic sludge separation unit and sludge solubilization unit, CaviTec II, is evaluated. Anaerobic digester effluent sludge is used for feed sludge of CaviTec II system. By addition of CaviTec II, the amount of cake generated is reduced by 27%, and the soluble nitrogen is reduced by 92%.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 2008

ASM No. 2(Activated sludge model No. 2) is very useful model to analyze the wastewater treatment which removes nitrogen and phosphorus. But, it is difficult to apply ASM No. 2 to control of wastewater treatment since it has 17 material divisions and 46 parameters. So the purpose of this study was the simplification of ASM No. 2 and the provement of simplification model. Firstly ASM No. 2 was simplified with 5 material division and three phases(Anaerobic, aerobic, anoxic phases). The simplified model was proved by R-square using track study data. As a result of provement, the values of R-square in ${NH_4}^+$ were 0.9815 in ASM No. 2 and 0.9250 in simplified model and in ${NO_3}^-$ were 0.8679 in ASM No. 2 and 0.7914 in simplified model and in ${PO_4}^{3-}$ are 0.9745 in ASM No. 2 and 0.9187 in the simplified model when the ability to express the material variation was compared by R-square. So, the simplified model has enough ability to express the variation of ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.392-397
• /
• 1996

저식염 멸치젓을 속성으로 제조하기 위하여 Asp. oryzae와 Bacillus sp.로 만든 zdh지를 첨가하고 숙성중 미생물상 변화와 효소활성을 비교 검토하였다. 젓갈 숙성 중 미생물상은 단백질분해균과 혐기성 균수는 숙성 40일경, 호기성 균수는 20일경에 많았다. 단백질분해균과 지방질분해균, 호기성균, 혐기성 균수는 Bacillus sp. 코오지 첨가구에서 높았다. 젓갈 숙성중 단백질 가수분해효소 활성은 숙성 20일 경에, 지방질 가수분해효소는 숙성 30일 경에 높았다가 점진적으로 감소하였으며, 단백질 가수분해효소는 Asp. oryzae 코오지 첨가구가, 지방질 가수분해효소는 Bacillus sp. 코오지 첨가구에서 높았다.