• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine temperature effects on hydrogen production in anaerobic fermentation. 18 batch reactors were operated at mesophilic ($35^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic conditions ($55^{\circ}C$) to achieve maximum hydrogen production in anaerobic fermentation. Optimum hydrogen production conditions were also investigated at each temperature. Different trends were observed regarding pH effects on hydrogen production. This effect was not significant for mesophilic fermentation ($35^{\circ}C$). In this case, pH may not drop to interfere hydrogen production during the test. However, hydrogen production decreased without pH control for thermophilic condition ($55^{\circ}C$). Effects of heat treatment were observed for both fermentation process. Hydrogen production with heat treatment was higher than hydrogen production without heat treatment for both fermentation processes. The amount of produced hydrogen for each substrate concentration with temperature changes showed that more hydrogen was produced at $35^{\circ}C$ than at $55^{\circ}C$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate integrated anaerobic hydrogen fermentation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) for on-site domestic wastewater treatment and resource recovery. A synthetic wastewater (COD 17,000 mg/L) was used as artificial brown water which will be discharged from urine diversion toilet and fed into a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) type anaerobic reactor with inclined plate. The effluent of anaerobic reactor mixed with real household grey water (COD 700 mg/L) was further treated by MBR for reuse. An optimum condition maintained in anaerobic reactor was HRT of 8 hrs, pH 5.5, SRT of 5 days and temperature of $37^{\circ}C$. COD removal of 98% was achieved from the overall system. Total gas production rate and hydrogen content was 4.6 L/day and 52.4% respectively. COD mass balance described the COD distribution in the system via reactor byproducts and effluent COD concentration. The results of this study asserts that, anaerobic hydrogen fermentation combined with MBR is a potent system in stabilizing waste strength and clean hydrogen recovery which could be implemented for onsite domestic wastewater treatment and reuse.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 1998

For the recycling of swine takes 2 different steps in fermenting procedure, acidogenic reactor and methanogenic reactor, the activity of involved microbes can be maintained at the maximum level. This study showed applying 2 separate steps in anaerobic fermentation has improved fermenting efficiency over the conventional 1 step fermentation. Accordingly, the results are coincident with the hypothesis in which 2 steps acidogenic and methanogenic reactor fermentation is more efficient than conventional (1 step) fermentation that makes poisonous materials be obviate and abate. And the results also get the effective performance in the production of methane gas.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.110-119
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• 2016

High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge achieves highly efficient volatile solid reduction, and production of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane compared with conventional low-solid anaerobic digestion. In this study, the potential mechanisms of the better performance in high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge were investigated by using 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing and real-time PCR to analyze the microbial characteristics in sewage sludge fermentation reactors. The results obtained by 454 highthroughput pyrosequencing revealed that the phyla Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were the dominant functional microorganisms in high-solid and low-solid anaerobic systems. Meanwhile, the real-time PCR assays showed that high-solid anaerobic digestion significantly increased the number of total bacteria, which enhanced the hydrolysis and acidification of sewage sludge. Further study indicated that the number of total archaea (dominated by Methanosarcina) in a high-solid anaerobic fermentation reactor was also higher than that in a low-solid reactor, resulting in higher VFA consumption and methane production. Hence, the increased key bacteria and methanogenic archaea involved in sewage sludge hydrolysis, acidification, and methanogenesis resulted in the better performance of high-solid anaerobic sewage sludge fermentation.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2005

The integrated or the two-stage (dark anaerobic and photosynthetic) fermentation processes were compared for the hydrogen production using purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4. Cell growth, pH changes and organic acids and bacteriochlorophyll contents were monitored during the processes. Culture broth of Rps. palustris P4 exhibited dark-red during the photosynthetic culture condition, while yellow under the anaerobic condition without light. Rps. palustris P4 grown at the photosynthetic condition evolved 0.38 and 1.33 ml $H_2$/mg-dcw during the dark and the light fermentation, respectively, which were totally 1.71 ml $H_2$/mg-dcw at the two-stage fermentation. The rate of hydrogen production using Rps. palustris P4 grown under the dark anaerobic condition was 2.76 ml $H_2$/mg-dcw which consisted of 0.46 and 2.30 ml $H_2$/mg-dcw from the dark and the photosynthetic fermentation processes, respectively. Rps. palustris P4 grown under dark anaerobic conditions produced $H_2$ 1.6 times higher than that of grown under the photosynthetic condition. However, total fermentation period of the former was 1.5 times slower than that of the latter, because the induced time of hydrogen production during the photosynthetic fermentation was 96 and 24 hours when the seed culture was the dark anaerobic and photosynthetic, respectively. The integrated fermentation process by Rps. palustris P4 produced 0.52 ml $H_2$/mg-dcw(1.01 mol $H_2$/mol glucose), which was 20% of the two-stage fermentation.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2000

Anaerobic fermentation using Clostridium butyricum NCIB 9576, and photo-fermentation using Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides E15-1 were studied for the production of hydrogen from Makkoli, fruits (orange & apple, watermelon & melon) and Tofu wastewaters. From the Makkoli wastewater, which contained $0.94g/{\ell}$ sugars and $2.74g/{\ell}$ soluble starch, approximately $49mM\;H_2/{\ell}$ wastewater was produced during the initial 18h of the anaerobic fermentation with pH control between 6.5-7.0. Several organic acids such as butyric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid and ethanol were also produced. From Watemlelon and melon wastewater, which contained $43g/{\ell}$ sugars, generated about approximately $71mM\;H_2/{\ell}$ wastewater was produced during the initial 24 h of the anaerobic fermentation. Tofu wastewater, pH 6.5, containing $12.6g/{\ell}$ soluble starch and $0.74g/{\ell}$ sugars, generated about $30mM\;H_2/{\ell}$ wastewater, along with some organic acids, during the initial 24 h of anaerobic fermentation. Makkoli and Tofu wastewaters as substrates for the photo-fermentation by Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides E15-1 produced approximately 37.9 and $22.2{\mu}M\;H_2/m{\ell}$ wastewaters, respectively for 9 days of incubation under the average of 9,000-10,000 lux illumination at the surface of reactor using tungsten halogen lamps. Orange and apple wastewater, which contained 93.4 g/l, produced approximately $13.1{\mu}M\;H_2/m{\ell}$ wastewater only for 2 days of photo-fermentation and the growth of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides E15-1 and hydrogen production were stopped.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of anaerobic fermentation of wheat bran to prevent root-knot nematodes which are infected in plastic house due to over 10 years continuous cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Anaerobic fermentation treatment of wheat bran was done for 20 days by mixture of 2,000 kg fresh wheat bran per 10 are and soil with water in 30 cm soil depth. Chemical treatment of fosthiazate was done by mixture of 6 kg soil for 7 days. Both treatments show suppression of density of rootknot nematodes, especially in anaerobic fermentation treatment. Anaerobic fermentation treatment keeps the low level of root-knot nematode density until 90 days of cultivation and also showed good effect of melon growth. Related with death percentage of melon plant, anaerobic fermentation treatment shows only 3% and also large size of quality fruit but control 65%. Anaerobic fermentation treatment of wheat bran have proved to control the level of root-knot nematodes instead of synthetic chemicals for at least one cropping season and it showed good effect to fruit quality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.927-933
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• 2007

Waste activated sludge (WAS) was thermally pretreated to enhance hydrolysis and ultimately methane yield. Batch and semi-continuous anaerobic digestion were conducted to evaluate the performance of methane fermentation of the hydrolyzed sludge and to investigate the kinetics of sludge fermentation. Thermal pretreatment remarkably enhanced digestion performances particularly the methane fermentation with three times more methane production than before the pretreatment. Gas production and kinetic parameters in the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion were estimated using Chen Hashimoto model. The model simulation fitted well the experimental results and the model was shown to be suitable for evaluating the effects of disintegration of WAS in anaerobic digestion. Three parameters ($B_o$, K, and ${\mu}_m$) determined by model simulation were $0.0807L-CH_4/g-VS$, 0.453 and $0.154d^{-1}$ for control sludge, and $0.253L-CH_4/g-VS$, 0.835 and $0.218d^{-1}$ for thermally pretreated sludge, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.40-49
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• 1997

In Korea, naked barley and tapioca are main raw materials for the production of fermentation ethyl alcohol, and one million drums bf 95% fermentation ethyl alcohol is produced per year by use of them. Stillage of alcoholic fermentation is mostly digested by methane fermentation process, and methane gas occured if methane fermentation process is recovered and mixed with fuel to decrease 25-30% for total fuel used in factories. In the anaerobic digestion process of naked barley stillage, supplement of nutrients is necessary to slove the problems caused by inhibitory materials contained if stillage and deficiency of nutrients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine why the anaerobic digesters using the naked barley distillery wastewater have shown the poor digestability frequently and how to control it. As the poor digestion was supposed to be occurred by the lack of iron as trace nutrient, the experiments were carried out to find out the optimum dosage and the way of addition of iron and to assess the quantitative evaluation of the type of iron in digesters. Initially, bottle test as batch digesters and lab-scaled continuous flow digesters were used in order to determine the digestion characteristics with tapioca and naked barley distillery wastewater. According to the results of batch tests, the poor digestion was caused by volatile fatty acids and could be improved by adding of calcium. The activity of the methanogenic bacteria were increased remarkably when the iron was added to the digester in the form of mixture with substrates.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.765-771
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the start-up performance for anaerobic hydrogen fermentation of food waste. The result showed that hydrogen production was $0.61{\pm}0.31$ mol $H_2$/mol hexose with heat-treatment of food waste at $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 min whereas it was $0.36{\pm}0.31$ mol $H_2$/mol hexose without heat-treatment of one. The heat treatment of food waste enhanced hydrogen yield due probably to the increase of hydrolysis as well as the decrease of non-hydrogen fermentation microorganisms. The removal efficiency of carbohydrate in reactors regardless of heat treatment of food waste maintained over 90%. The hydrogen conversion efficiency from food waste was 1.7-6.3% with heat-treatment whereas it was 0.7-4.5% without heat-treatment. At the time of switchover from batch to continuous operation, lactate concentration was high compared to the n-butyrate concentration in anaerobic hydrogen fermentation reactor without heat-treatment. Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation of food waste with heat treatment was stable in start-up periods because lactate concentration could be maintained at a relatively low compared to n-butyrate concentration due to the decrease of non-hydrogen fermentation microorganisms.