• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.118-127
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• 1973

Effects of nitrogen sources oi phosphorus sensitivity in soybeans were investigated using three nitrogen source ($NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N$ and urea) and six cultivars (Lee, Hill, R56-49, Harosoy, Clark-63 and Chippewa), differing in phosphorus sensitivity. Growth inhibition with ammonium or urea medium increased with phosphorus sensitivity indicating that the phosphorus sensitive cultivars are also sentitive to ammonium. The sensitive Clark-63 was inhibited two folds more than the tolerant Lee in ammonium medium. These results strongly suggest that phosphorus sensitivity is closely linked to nitrogen metabolism and ammonium toxicity. Nitrogen sources gave special morphorogical growth patterns (short internode-many branchs in $NO_3-N$, long internode-no branches in $NH_4-N$ and a low top to root ratio in urea) by affecting differently the growth of plant organs.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 1984

The removal and readsorption effects of pine and oak bark grown in Korea on water pollution caused by heavy metal ions have been investigated. Bark saturated with heavy metal ions is refleshed with 0.1 N ammonium acetate and then its readsorption has been done. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Adsorption effect of pine bark is similiar to that of oak bark, and 20-40 meshed bark gives the best results. 2. 0.1 N amonium acetate of pH 7 shows more elutriative than the others such as pH 3 hydrochloric acid, pH 10 ammonium hydroxide and pH 7 water. 3 Pine bark refleshed with 0.1 N ammonium acetate gets two times as effective in adsorption as raw bark, and shows more effective than oak bark.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.750-757
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• 2009

The ammonium ion exchange characteristics of natural zeolite were investigated to remove ${NH_4}^+-N$. The effect of water temperature, particle size and competitive cation on the exchange capacity was examined. Ammonium ion exchange capacity tended to decrease when the temperature increased from $25^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$. Exchange capacity was increased according to the particle size of natural zeolite comes to be small. Batch isotherm experiments were conducted for measuring ammonium ion exchange capacity. The ion exchange capacity was well described either by the Langmuir isotherm model or by the Freundlich isotherm model. The ammonium ion exchange capacity ($q_m$) of zeolite carrier can be calculated $11.744mg-{NH_4}^+/g$-carrier. The ion exchange capacity of manufactured zeolite carrier was showed a similar tendency as ion exchange capacity of powder-sized natural zeolite. Therefore, zeolite carrier can be used for increasing of nitrogen removal efficiency in the wastewater treatment plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 1985

Nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness on rice production was studied to evaluate the different forms and sources. Seven kind of nitrogen fertilizers were applied in two levels, 15 and 30 kg per 10a on Jinjubyeo (Japonica type) in silt loam paddy soil of pot cultivation. The results were summerized as follows; 1. pH in soils was decreased with enhancement of ammonium sulfate application in $NH_4-N$, but it was increased with times after nitric-acid application and PH change in soil was not remarkable when $NO_3-N$ with accessory component was applied. 2. $NH_4-N$ contents in soil were the lowest at 2 weeks after application in N 15kg/10a regardless of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer. $NO_3-N$, in N 30kg/10a, was decreased continuously until 4 weeks, while $NH_4-N$, Urea-N were at minimum during 2-3 weeks. 3. Growth of culm length and straw weight applied with AN (Ammonium Nitrate), AS (Ammonium Sulfate) and urea were superior to the form of nitrate. While NA (Nitric Acid), PN (Potassium Nitrate) and CN (Calcium Nitrate) plot of the $NO_3-N$ was the dominant fertilizers for root elongation. 4. Brown rice yields were increased dominantly by $NH_4-N$ application such as AS or AP than $NO_3-N$ pot. But the yields in case of $NO_3-N$ application CN, PN and NA were decreased. 5. N, P, Mg and Mn content of straw ranked the effectiveness of nitrogen forms as $NH_4-N$, Urea-N and $NH_4-N+NO_3-N$, while K, Ca and $SiO_2$ content of straw in $NO_3-N$ fertilizer plot were high while N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe and Mg were low. 6. Increament of nitrogen absorption in straw was stimulated by enhancement of phosphorous absorption and the growth and yield of rice plant were increased. Absorption of N, P, Ca and Mg was decreased by CN application. Absorption of N, P and Mg also was decreased by $NO_3-N$ application and N, P, Mg or Ca content were seemed to simulated the growth and yield of rice plant. 7. $SiO_2$, Zn and Fe contents of the root at harvest stage were higher than those of the straw. N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents were high in $NH_4-N$ and Urea treatment. While K, ca and $SiO_2$ contents, however, were high in $NO_3-N$ treatment.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2006

Effect of organic-C on immobilization and nitrification patterns in acidic soil was examined during 20 weeks incubation period to verify if organic amendments such as composted material can increase soil retention of N by stimulating microbial immobilization of $NH_4^+$. Four treatments were laid out: control without fertilizer N and glucose (treatment code: S), ammonium sulfate (SN), ammonium sulfate with single glucose at the commencement (0 week) of incubation (SNG), and ammonium sulfate with double glucose at 0 and 4 weeks of incubation (SNGG). Glucose application (SNG) significantly increased microbial immobilization of $NH_4^+$ within 1 week of incubation over SN. Immobilization was followed by remineralization thereafter; however, second-application of glucose (SNGG) restored $NH_4^+$ immobilization. At the same time, nitrification was significantly inhibited by glucose application as indicated by consistently low $NO_3^-$ concentration in SNG and SNGG soils, suggesting that microbial assimilation of $NH_4^+$ is predominant compared to nitrification when available C-source is abundant. These results suggest application of chemical fertilizer-N with organic amendment would have beneficial effect on soil-N retention and environmental conservation by reducing production of $NO_3^-$ which is likely to be lost through leaching or denitrification.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.223-226
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• 2012

Liquid livestock manure (LLM) has been used as a nitrogen fertilizer source for horticulture plants. LLM contains organic nitrogen (N), ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The amount of nitrate and nitrite in LLM are usually small compared to the amount of ammonium in it and so they can be negligible if total nitrogen (N) concentration in LLM is higher than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$. However, if total N concentration in LLM is less than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, the amount of nitrate and nitrite may affect total N concentration in LLM. Currently, Kjeldahl digestion method is mainly used for ammonium-N in LLM. Therefore, it is ineffective to analyze nitrate-N and nitrite-N. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the total N concentrations are affected by the amount of nitrate-N and nitrite-N with diverse LLMs by Kjeldahl method (with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion). Five liquid livestock manure samples were collected at swine farms in Ansung and Icheon. All LLM samples were stored at $25^{\circ}C$, subsampled at every $15^{th}$ day for 90 days, and analyzed for total N, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N. At the $90^{th}$ day, LLM samples were analyzed with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion. Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride were used to determine the N recovery percentages. Total N concentration ranged from 560 to $4,230mg\;L^{-1}$. Nitrate-Ns were found in all LLM samples, ranged from 21 to $164mg\;L^{-1}$. N recovery percentages with potassium nitrate were 0 % without Devarda's alloy and 100% with Devarda's alloy because adding Devarda's alloy facilitated nitrate-N into ammonium-N conversion. Total Ns were significantly different between two methods, with and without Devarda's alloy. Total N concentrations were $210mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $370mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 without Devarda's alloy and $290mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $490mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 with Devarda's alloy. These results suggest that if total N of LLM is less $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, additional procedure such as adding Devarda's alloy can be used to estimate the total N and inorganic N better.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.345-351
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• 2004

We investigated the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) reaction in a lab-stale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Our aim was to detect and enrich the organisms responsible for the anammox reaction using a synthetic medium that contained low concentrations of substrates (ammonium and nitrite). The reactor was inoculated with granular sludge collected from a full-scale anaerobic digestor used for treating brewery wastewater The experiment was performed during 260 days under conditions of constant ammonium concentration ($50\;mg\;NH_4^+-N/L$) and different nitrite concentrations ($50{\~}150\;mg\;NO_2-N/L$). After 200 days, anammox activity was observed in the system. The microorganisms involved in this anammox reaction were identified as Candidatus B. Anammoxidans and K. Stuttgartiensis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH ) method.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

Nitrate reduction with zero valent iron $(Fe^0)$ has been extensively studied, but the proper treatment for ammonium byproduct has not been reported yet. In groundwater, however, ammonium is regarded as contaminant species, and particularly, its acceptable level is regulated to 0.5 mg-N/L. for drinking water. This study is focused on developing new material to reduce nitrate and properly remove ammonium by-products. A new material, Fe-loaded zeolite, is derived from zeolite modified by Fe(II) chloride followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. Batch experiments were performed without buffer at two different pH to evaluate the removal efficiency of Fe-loaded zeolite. After 80 hr reaction time, Fe loaded zeolite showed about $60\%$ nitrate removal at initial pH of 3.3 and $40\%$ at pH of 6 with no ammonium release. Although iron filing showed higher removal efficiency than Fe-loaded zeolite at each pH, it released a considerable amount of ammonium stoichiometrically equivalent to that of reduced nitrate. In terms of nitrogen species including $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4^+-N$, Fe-loaded zeolite removed about $60\%\;and\;40\%$ of nitrogen in residual solution at initial pH of 3.3 and 6, respectively, while the removal efficiency of iron filing was negligible.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

This study presents the influence of ammonium-nitrogen on microorganisms in swine wastewater. For the anaerobic batch fermentation, two different methods were used. One is the dilution of wastewater with water. The other method is the elimination of ammonium-nitrogen from the wastewater. By addition of MgO into wastewater, non-soluble crystall was formed under alkaline condition as MgNH$_4$PO$_4$6$H_2O$ (MAP). The master culture was adapted in swine wastewater for more than 3 months, in water-dilution method, the dilution of wastewater with 25% water gave us the best result in efficiency of COD removal. Two hundred hours later MAP-treated wastewater showed the efficiency of the COD removal more than 80%. Under same condition obtained none MAP-treated wastewater about 50%. MAP treatment carried out the very effective anaerobic digestion with swine wastewater. The important result in this study is that the low ratio of C:N influenced on anaerobic microorganisms more than high concentration of ammonium nitrogen in swine wastewater. The struvite for the crystallforming has no toxic effect on methanogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.852-859
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• 2006

The novel microbial process such as Anammox(anaerobic ammonium oxidation) and Canon(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) processes is promising biotechnology to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewater like anaerobic sludge digester liquid. In this research, a new Canon-type nitrogen removal process adopting upflow granular sludge bed type configuration was investigated on its feasibility and process performance, using synthetic wastewater and sludge digester liquids. Air as an oxygen source was provided in an external aeration chamber with flow recirculation. In the first experiment using the synthetic wastewater(up to 110 mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$), the ammonium removal was about 95%(92% for T-N) at effective hydraulic retention time(HRT) for 3.8 days. In the second experiment using the sludge digester liquids($438{\pm}26$ mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$), the total nitrogen removal was $94{\pm}1.7%$ at HRT for 5.4 days and $76{\pm}1.5%$ at HRT for 3.8 days, respectively. Little nitrite and nitrate were observed in the effluent of both experiments. The process revealed quite a lower oxygen($0.29{\sim}0.59$ g $O_2$ $g^{-1}N$) and less alkalinity($3.1{\sim}3.4$ g $CaCO_3$ $g^{-1}N$) consumption as compared to other new technology in microbial nitrogen removal. The process also offers the economical compact reactor configuration with excellent biomass retention, resulting in lower cost for investment and maintenance.