• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.277-279
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• 1963

The surface tension of solutions of synthesized ammonium caprylate and ammonium caprate was measured by the ring method. The changes with of surface tension of solution of ammonium caprylate showed evidently that the salt had the critical micelle concentration(c.m.c.) at $30^{\circ}C$. The c.m.c. values of above two salts were determined from the change of surface tension of solution with concentration at various temperatures. The temperature dependence of the c.m.c. and the influence of addition of excess ammonia on the c.m.c. were also investigated.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 2009

In this study, basic physical properties were measured for ASCO EQ85 cationic surfactant of triethanolamine-ester quaternary ammonium salt and effect of pH on softening performance on fabrics was investigated using zeta potential measurement and adsorption experiment by quartz crystal microbalance. The CMC of the surfactant was near $3{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$ and the surface tension at CMC was about 40 mN/m. The interfacial tension measurement between 1 wt% aqueous solution and n-dodecane measured by spinning drop tensiometer showed that interfacial tension slightly increased with an increase in pH but the equilibration time was not affected by pH. The surfactant adsorption was found to increase with an increase in surfactant concentration and was also affected by pH of surfactant solution. The friction factor for fabrics treated with ASCO EQ85 surfactant was shown to increase with pH and better softening effect was found under acidic conditions. Half-life for foams generated with ASCO EQ85 surfactant solution increased with pH, which indicated an increase in foam stability with pH.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1974

The data pf dosspcoatopm cpmstamts for aliphatic amines and quaternary ammonium-methylorange salts are based on the electrosatic theory of conductance. Dissociation constants for primary amines nad quaternary ammonium-methylorange salts (1$\times$10$^{-5}$~1$\times$10$^{-3}$ M) in nitrobenzene solution or water solution was evaluated from the relation of the concentration and the electric conduction and the electric conductance at $25^{\circ}C$ Plots of ${\delta}C$ against reciprocal conductance were linear ; hence the center-to-center distance of this salt was 1.75 $\AA$ in nitrobenzene solution.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.141-144
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• 2000

Highly open porous polymer matrices are required for high density cell seeding, efficient nutrient, and oxygen supply to the cells cultured in the three dimensional matrices. However, there are severe problems of mass transfer limitations within the cell/scaffolds culture system. Thus we hypothesize that continuos-flow culture conditioning of cells with the scaffolds may improve the cell viability and the differentiated function. In this study, we fabricated porous PLGA scaffolds by using gas-foaming/salt-leaching method as previous described. Viscous PLGA gel paste contains ammonium bicarbonate particulates, acting as a gas-foaming agent as well as a salt-leaching porogen, were cast into Teflon mold and dried. Ammonium bicarbonate salt upon contact to an acidic aqueous solution evloves gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide by itself. And we conjugated galactose moiety [AGA; $N-(aminobuty1)-O-{\beta}-D-galactopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}4)-D-glucoamide]$ to the terminal end group of a PLGA to increase the cell adhesion and matain the differentiated function of hepatocytes. Cell-seeded scaffolds were secured in a flow bioreactor chamber and exposed to continuous flow at 5 ml/min. As a result of our study, the high yield of hepatocytes attachment was accomplished by increasing the concentration of PLGA-AGA conjugate in polymer scaffolds and cells in the scaffolds under continuos flow condition maintained a high level of viability and albumin secretion rate of cultured hepatocytes showed a higher level that of control groups.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.953-959
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• 2001

Homogeneous spherical W-Co salt powders were made by spray drying of aqueous solution of ammonium $metatungstate(NH_4)_6(H_2W_{12}O_{40}){\cdot}4H_2O,\; AMT)$ and cobalt nitrate $hexahydrate(Co(NO_3)_2{\cdot}6H_2O)$. The thermal decomposition process of spray dried W-Co salt powders was studied by TG, XRD, SEM, TEM and FT-IR. Spray dried W-Co salt powders were calcined for 1 hour in the temperature from$ 350^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$ in atmosphere of air. At the temperatures over $600^{\circ}C$, spherical $CoWO_4/WO_3$ composite oxide powders were obtained. The primary particle size of W/Co composite oxide powders increased with increasing thermal decomposition temperature due to the particle growth. The observed crystallite size by TEM was in the range of 60nm and that of $CoWO_4$ calculated by Scherrer's formula at $800^{\circ}C$ was smaller than 55nm. The crystallite site was identified by XRD and TEM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.829-835
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• 2016

An excess in the nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate leads to a phenomenon called eutrophication. In order to avoid this, numerous methods have been used to remove excess nutrients in the water. In this study, the use of a chemical method was assessed through the formation of magnesium ammonium phosphate. The difference in the removal efficiency of seawater and sea salt solution as primary sources of $Mg^{2+}$ ions and $Ca^{2+}$ ions for the formation of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) respectively, were observed, taking into account the changes in pH and concentration. The results showed that seawater removed about 90 % phosphate and less than 50 % ammonia in sewage water condition, whereas the sea salt solution removed almost 90 % phosphate and 70 % ammonia in solution at pH 9 and 10 mM concentration of sea salt which further increases as the optimum ${Mg/PO_4}^{3-}$, ${NH_4}^+$ ratio reaches 2. The difference in the removal efficiency of seawater and sea salt was due to the fact that the set-ups were prepared in different conditions. This study suggests that both seawater and sea salt can be used to remove nutrients from the water. The relatively higher removal of phosphate can be explained by the formation of HAP from free $Ca^{2+}$ ions initially present in seawater and sea salt solution.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.115-121
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Pinus rigida plate was soaked in three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions such as ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Comparing with virgin pinus rigida plate, specimens treated with the ammonium salts had lower combustive properties and It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin Pinus rigida. Also, the specimens with treated ammonium salts showed both the lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) and lower total heat release (THR) than those of virgin plate.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.590-593
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• 2001

The effect of salinity on the nitrification efficiency of the nitrifier consortium was evaluated for the nitrification of saline wastewater. The nitrifier consortium, which was the activated sludge acclimated with ammonium as the only energy source, was used as the nitrifier for the salt acclimation. Airlift reactors for the nitrification of ammonia with increasing concentration in saline synthetic wastewater (35 g/I NaCD, and synthetic wastewater without salt as a control, were continuously operated with the nitrifier consortium for 43 days. The ammonia removal rate was about 23g ammonia-N/$m^3$/day in both the absence and presence of the salt. An accumulation of nitrite was observed in the saline nitrification reactor at an early period. However, the nitrite decreased to less than 1 mg/l after 39 days of operation. The salinity increased the acclimation time of the nitrifier consortium to obtain a stable marine nitrification system. However, the salt acclimated system showed the efficient removal of ammonia which was same as that without salt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Improvement of fiber surface, tenacity & elogation, fabric counts, thickness, handle, moisture regain, static voltage, handle, dyeability when polyester fabrics are treated with NaOH solution adding quartemary ammonium salt (Benzyl dimetyl dodecyl ammonium chloride . BDMDAC) The results are as follows. I. In regard to the method of processing VET, when the PET fabrics are alkaline-hydrolyzed adding BDMDAC, the weight loss of PET fabrics increased remarkably to the increse of BDMDAC concentration than when they are treated only in NaOH solution. When PET fabrics are alkaline-hydrolyzed the amount of BDMDAC as the catalyst is proper lg/1 II. The change in physical & chemical properties of alkaline-hydrolyzed PET fabrirs. 1. As the amount of the weight loss on PET fabrics increased, the void space of the PET yale increased but tenacity & elongation and thickness decreased. 2. The fabric counts of PET increased due to shrinkage by alkaline-hydrolydzing. 3. As the amount of of the weight loss on PET fabrics increased. NUMERI, FUKURAMI, increaseed and KOSHI decreased and Total hand value(T.H.V) in all cases increaseed. When the weight Ioss is 30.9% T.H.V. is best. 4. Moisture regain of PET fabrics a little increased by alkaline-hydrolyzing treatment. As the weight loss increased, static voltage is decreased. 5. The last dye absorption is different according to the degree of the Affinity. In regard to the difference of dye color, the dyestuff of low molecular weight dyed for deep color.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 1987

This study is conducted to investigate the influence of addition of quarternary ammonium salt(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide: CTAB) when polyester(PET) fabric is treated with sodium hydroxide(NaOH), depending on experimental variables such as CTAB concentration, NaOH concentration, time & temperature, and the change in physical & chemical properties of alkaline-hydrolyzed PET fabrics depending on their weight loss. The results are as follows: 1. By adding CTAB in aqueous NaOH, the weight loss of PET fabric is increased remarkably and until the concentration of CTAB is reached at its cmc, and the higher the concentration of CTAB are, the more weight loss on PET fibrics are. 2. The addition of CTAB in aqueous NaOH is most effective at lower NaON concentration(2%) among various NaOH concentration, on increasing the amount of weight loss, while there are almost similar results through various treatment time and temperature. 3. As the amount of weight of weight loss on PET fabric is increased, the increase of void space in the PET yarn, of softness & dyeability of PET fabric and the decrease of tensile strength are found. On the other hand, the moisture regain shows a little increase by alkaline-hydrolysis on PET fabric while vertical absorption test & water retention value are not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the hydrophillicity of untreated and treated PET fabric. The shrinkage of PET fabric is induced by swelling in hot aqueous NaOH regardless of NaOH concentration & addition of CTAB.