• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2020

본 연구는 볏짚 사일리지의 곰팡이 독소 저감을 위한 효율적 방안으로 화학적 처리 방법에 따른 효능에 관한 진보적 연구 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 화학적 처리 방법으로 암모니아 및 가성소다를 이용 곰팡이독소에 오염된 볏짚의 4% 수준으로 각각 처리하고 사일리지 저장에 따른 곰팡이독소 저감, 발효 품질 및 섬유소 소화에 미치는 영향을 평가 하였다. 모든 실험구에서 Aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ 그리고 Fomonisin B₁, B₂ 뿐만 아니라 Dexynivalenol은 검출되지 않았으며, Ochratoxin A와 Zearalenone이 검출되었다. 그리고 Ochratoxin A은 대조구(41.23g/kg)보다 화학적 처리구에서 낮게 검출되었다(p<0.05). Zearalenone은 대조구(600.33㎍/kg) 및 암모니아 처리구(376.00㎍/kg)에 비하여 가성소다 처리구(297.44㎍/kg)가 더 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 볏짚 사일리지의 pH는 암모니아 처리구(4.63)가 가장 낮았고, 가성소다 처리구가 가장(8.19) 높았다(p<0.05). lactic acid 함량은 대조구와 암모니아 처리구(10.85와 10.98mM)는 유사한 수준이었으나 가성소다 처리구(8.80mM)가 가장 낮았다(p,0.05). Propionic acid는 대조구(0.55mM)가 화학처리구에 비하여 높았으며(p<0.05), 암모니아와 가성소다 처리구간(0.09와 0.07mM)에는 유사한 함량을 나타내었다. 화학처리에 따른 볏짚 사일리지의 반추위 미생물의 NDF 및 ADF의 분해율 모두 가성소다 처리구가 가장 높은 분해율을 보였고 다음으로 암모니아 처리구이었으며, 대조구가 가장 낮은 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구결과는 볏짚 사일리지 제조공정에서 암모니아 및 가성 소다 처리가 곰팡이 독소 저감 및 볏짚 사일리지의 반추위 미생물 분해율 증진에 좋은 영향을 주는 것으로 사료되며, 가성소다 처리는 암모니아 처리에 비하여 곰팡이 독소 저감 및 섬유소 분해율 증진에 더 효율적이었으나 사일리지 발효에는 비효율적 영향을 준 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.502-511
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• 2005

The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.430-435
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• 2014

섬유소계 바이오매스의 주요 구성요소 간의 관계에 의한 물리적, 화학적 장벽은 셀룰로오스를 발효 가능한 당으로 전환시키는 효소당화를 방해한다. 전처리의 주 목적은 셀룰로오스의 효소당화율을 향상시키기 위하여 기질로의 효소접근성을 높이는 것으로, 전처리 공정의 발전은 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 간단하고, 상대적으로 저비용인 암모니아수에 의한 침지공정을 전처리방법로 채택하였다. 기질로는 국내 농업 잔류물 중 생산량이 높은 볏짚을 채택하였다. 암모니아수에 의한 침지 공정은 3, 12, 24 그리고 72시간 동안 수행되었다. 그리고 동시당화발효에 미치는 전처리의 효과를 조사하기 위해, 효소당화와 동시당화발효를 30, 40 그리고 $50^{\circ}C$에서 수행하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 볏짚이 암모니아수에 의한 침지 처리 되었을 때, 기존의 보편적인 동시당화발효와 비교하여 상대적으로 적은 효소사용량과 낮은 온도($30^{\circ}C$) 조건에서도 당화와 동시당화발효가 수행될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 암모니아수에 의한 침지 처리는 초기 당화속도를 증가시킴으로써 24시간 이내에 발효를 종료시켰다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1991

A laboratory experiment was conducted in order to learn the effect of a number of organic matters on the ammonification and nitrification of urea, and the reaction of soil, applied to a loamy upland soil poor in orgnic matter(<1.5%, without plants 1.The ammonification of urea was most pronounced in one week period immediatly after fertilizer and water treated, after which a rapid decrease of it was followed showing no accumulation at the end of 3rd week. Owing to the accumlation of ammonium, pHs of treated soils were read 7.0 to 7.3 from 6.8~6.9. 2.Nitrification was also progressed rapidly in the first one week period so that the accumulation of NO$_3$-N surpassed that of ammonia during this period. After the 1st week the accumulation of N0$_3$-N was continuously increased showing the maximum at the end of 4 weeks following a sharp decrease at the end of 5th weeks. The accumulation of NO$_3$-N dropped soil pH from 6.8-7.0 to 6. 0-6.2,but the decrease of NO-N at the end of 5th weeks brought up soil pH to 6.4-6.6. again. 3.Amino acid fermentation byproduct rich in salt, paticularly chloride, slowed down the ammonification and nitrification of urea. 4.The application of organic matter diminished the acidifying effect of chemical fertilizers. The diminishing effect of soluble humic acid and amion acid fermentation byproduct showed greater than that of solid organic matter in this experiment, which might be own to the application of a rather small amount of water soluble organic matters. Rice straw powder among solid organic matters appeared to be the least in the diminishing effect above. It may be reasoned that these soluble organic matters decomposes rapidly so as to affect Soil pH, but solid organic matters, particularly the rice straw powder, form acidic humus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2006

Four male crossbred native beef cattle (average body weight of 427.7 kg) were randomly allocated to four types of cassoy-urea pellet as a source of protein in concentrate according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine effect of diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. The four types of cassoy-urea pellets contained cassava hay, soybean meal, urea and binding agent at 79.2:19.8:0:1 (27.9% CP dry matter), 78.4:19.6:1:1 (30.4% CP), 77.6:19.4:2:1 (33.0% CP) and 99:0:0:1 (23.8% CP) for dietary treatments; 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All four concentrate mixtures contained similar crude protein levels (11% CP) and were fed to animals in two equal parts (0.5% of body weight per day) while urea-treated rice straw (5% urea) was given ad libitum. The experiment revealed that dietary concentrate treatments had no effect on dry matter intake while digestibilities of neutral-detergent fiber and crude protein were higher (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in cattle fed dietary treatment 4. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), was higher and acetic acid concentration (C2) and ratio of C2 to propionic acid (C3) were lower (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in those on treatment 4. It is concluded that use of cassoy-urea pellet as a protein source in concentrates for cattle resulted in improvement of digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen ecology. Further research using cassoy-urea pellet in feeding trials with milking cows and fattening beef should be undertaken.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.936-941
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• 2004

Four rumen-cannulated cows (330 kg average weight at 4 years) were used to evaluate the supplement of ensiled cassava tops (ECT) (variety KM 94, 39% DM) on rumen functions, thyroid hormones and liver enzymes. The treatments, arranged in a 4 $\times$4 Latin square design, were ECT at 0, 50, 100 and 150 g CP 100 kg$^{-1}$ body weight (BW), and a basal diet of urea-treated fresh rice straw (UFRS) ad libitum and 1.1 kg dry matter (DM) cassava root meal (CRM) in each 30 day study period. The results showed a continuous decrease in dry matter intake (DMI) of UFRS with increasing level of ECT supplement (p<0.001). The highest total DMI was observed for treatment ECT$_{150}$ (2.68 kg DM 100 kg$^{-1}$ BW day$^{-1}$) followed by treatments ECT$_{100}$, ECT$_{50}$ and ECT$_{0}$, with 2.47, 2.24 and 2.06 kg DM 100 kg$^{-1}$ BW⋅day$^{-1}$, respectively. Increasing levels of ECT supplement increased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (p<0.05) and ammonia nitrogen (p<0.05) and resulted in a decrease in pH (p<0.05). Overall average plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were 0.80, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.69 ng ml$^{-1}$ (p>0.05), and 50.9, 49.5, 50.7 and 42.4 ng ml-1 (p>0.05) for treatments ECT$_{0}$, ECT$_{50}$, ECT$_{100}$ and ECT$_{150}$, respectively. There were non-significant differences in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase among treatments. It is concluded that ECT is a valuable protein-rich feed supplement to cattle, and the highest level of on average 2.48 kg DM ECT per cow and day (28% of total DMI) did not significantly affect thyroid gland hormones and liver enzymes in cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.494-501
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• 2015

A digestibility study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing mulberry foliage and urea rice-bran as a source of fermentable energy and protein to 12 sheep fed diets based on urea-treated rice straw (TRS). The three dietary treatments were: T1, TRS with mulberry; T2, TRS with 50% mulberry replaced with rice bran and urea; and T3, TRS with rice bran and urea. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for each treatment. The sheep were fed one of the three diets and the supplements were offered at 1.2% of the body weight (BW) and the TRS was provided ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0.05) among the three treatment groups with respect to dry matter (DM) intake ($76.8{\pm}4.2g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$) and DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) digestibility ($55.3{\pm}1.22$; $69.9{\pm}0.85$; $46.3{\pm}1.65%$ respectively for DM, OM, and CP). The digestibility of fiber (neutral detergent fiber [NDF] and acid detergent fiber) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for T3 (46.2 and 46.6 respectively) compared to T1 (55.8 and 53.7 respectively) and T2 (54.1 and 52.8 respectively). Nitrogen (N) intake by sheep on diet T3 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than sheep fed diet T1. However, N balance did not differ among the three diets ($3.0{\pm}0.32g/d$). In contrast, the rumen ammonia ($NH_3-N$) concentrations in sheep fed T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in sheep fed T1. The $NH_3-N$ concentrations for all three diets were above the critical value required for optimum rumen microbial growth and synthesis. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were highest (p<0.05) in T1 (120.3 mM), whilst the molar proportion of propionic acid was highest in T3 (36.9%). However, the microbial N supply in sheep fed T1 and T3 was similar but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for sheep fed T2. It was concluded that mulberry foliage is a potential supplement of fermentable energy and protein for sheep fed TRS based diet. The suggested level of supplementation is 1.2% of BW or 32% of the total diet since it resulted in similar effects on the intake of DM, OM, and NDF, digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, N utilization and microbial supply when compared to rice bran and urea supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.952-960
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Four, 4-yr old rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and CC+rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was level of cottonseed meal (CM); 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (490 g CP/kg). Buffaloes received urea-treated rice straw ad libitum and supplemented with 5 g concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, nutrient intake, digested nutrients, nutrient digestibility, ammonia nitrogen concentration, fungi and bacterial populations, or microbial protein synthesis (p>0.05). Ruminal pH at 6 h after feeding and the population of protozoa at 4 h after feeding were higher when buffalo were fed with CC than in the CR3:1 treatment (p<0.05). Buffalo fed with HCM had a lower roughage intake, nutrient intake, population of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria and microbial nitrogen supply than the LCM fed group (p<0.05). However, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, population of protozoa and fungi, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by cottonseed meal levels (p>0.05). Based on this experiment, concentrate with a low level of cottonseed meal could be fed with cassava chips as an energy source in swamp buffalo receiving rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1659-1666
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) and Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia) supplementation on intake, digestion, outflow rates, microbial protein yield and live-weight changes in sheep fed with ammoniated rice straw (ARS). In experiment 1, three rumen cannulated Japanese Corriedale wether (mean body weight of 35.6 kg) in $3{\times}3$ Latin Square Design were used. Animals were fed ad libitum ARS alone, or supplemented with 200 g of either leucaena or gliricidia. In experiment 2, twenty-four growing native Philippine sheep with average body weight of $13.5{\pm}0.25kg$ were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) and offered similar diets to those of experiment 1. Supplementation increased total dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility except for fiber (p<0.05) without affecting ARS consumption. Nitrogen balance revealed that absorbed and retained N was significantly higher in leucaena and gliricidia. The significant improvement in N utilization and more digestible OM intake brought about by the inclusion of leucaena and gliricidia to ARS resulted in increased (p<0.05) microbial N yield. Efficiency of microbial N supply in supplemented group was not significantly different, but higher (p<0.05) than the 24.92 g N/kg DOMR for ARS group. Liquid outflow rate was 7.8 and 6.8 %/h, while the solid phase of rumen digesta was 4.4 and 3.8 %/h for the leucaena and gliricidia group respectively, which were significantly higher than 5.30 and 2.50 %/h in the control diet. The increase in total DMI resulted to higher (p<0.01) growth performance and efficient feed utilization. Average daily gain (ADG) was 19.3, 34.6 and 33.9 g/d for the ARS, leucaena and gliricidia respectively. It is therefore concluded that addition of leucaena and gliricidia to ARS in could increase nutrient intake and digestibility, subsequently improving N utilization and livestock performance.