• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.804-811
• /
• 2013

The effects and significance of ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid (GABA) producing bacteria (GPB) on in vitro rumen fermentation and reduction of biogenic amines (histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, and tyramine) using corn meal as a substrate were determined. Ruminal samples collected from ruminally fistulated Holstein cows served as inoculum and corn was used as substrate at 2% dry matter (DM). Different inclusion rates of GPB and GABA were evaluated. After incubation, addition of GPB had no significant effect on in vitro fermentation pH and total gas production, but significantly increased the ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration and reduced the total biogenic amines production (p<0.05). Furthermore, antioxidation activity was improved as indicated by the significantly higher concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) among treated samples when compared to the control (p<0.05). Additionally, 0.2% GPB was established as the optimum inclusion level. Taken together, these results suggest the potential of utilizing GPB as feed additives to improve growth performance in ruminants by reducing biogenic amines and increasing anti-oxidation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.494-501
• /
• 2015

A digestibility study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing mulberry foliage and urea rice-bran as a source of fermentable energy and protein to 12 sheep fed diets based on urea-treated rice straw (TRS). The three dietary treatments were: T1, TRS with mulberry; T2, TRS with 50% mulberry replaced with rice bran and urea; and T3, TRS with rice bran and urea. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for each treatment. The sheep were fed one of the three diets and the supplements were offered at 1.2% of the body weight (BW) and the TRS was provided ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0.05) among the three treatment groups with respect to dry matter (DM) intake ($76.8{\pm}4.2g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$) and DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) digestibility ($55.3{\pm}1.22$; $69.9{\pm}0.85$; $46.3{\pm}1.65%$ respectively for DM, OM, and CP). The digestibility of fiber (neutral detergent fiber [NDF] and acid detergent fiber) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for T3 (46.2 and 46.6 respectively) compared to T1 (55.8 and 53.7 respectively) and T2 (54.1 and 52.8 respectively). Nitrogen (N) intake by sheep on diet T3 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than sheep fed diet T1. However, N balance did not differ among the three diets ($3.0{\pm}0.32g/d$). In contrast, the rumen ammonia ($NH_3-N$) concentrations in sheep fed T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in sheep fed T1. The $NH_3-N$ concentrations for all three diets were above the critical value required for optimum rumen microbial growth and synthesis. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were highest (p<0.05) in T1 (120.3 mM), whilst the molar proportion of propionic acid was highest in T3 (36.9%). However, the microbial N supply in sheep fed T1 and T3 was similar but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for sheep fed T2. It was concluded that mulberry foliage is a potential supplement of fermentable energy and protein for sheep fed TRS based diet. The suggested level of supplementation is 1.2% of BW or 32% of the total diet since it resulted in similar effects on the intake of DM, OM, and NDF, digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, N utilization and microbial supply when compared to rice bran and urea supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.827-839
• /
• 2015

A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권10호
• /
• pp.1424-1436
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) supplementation on gas production kinetics and rumen fermentation efficiency in in vitro incubation with different ratios of roughage to concentrate in swamp buffalo and cattle rumen fluid. Two male, rumen fistulated dairy steers and swamp buffaloes were used as rumen fluid donors. The treatments were arranged according to a $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design by using two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R:C; 75:25 and 25:75) and 3 levels of BAFLOP supplementation (0, 2 and 4% of dietary substrate) into two different kinds of rumen fluid (beef cattle and swamp buffalo). Under this investigation, the results revealed that the rumen ecology was affected by R:C ratio. The pH declined as a result of using high concentrate ratio; however, supplementation of BAFLOP could buffer the pH which led to an improvement of ruminal efficiency. BAFLOP supplementation affected acetic acid (C2) when the proportion of concentrate was increased. However, there were no effect on total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and butyric acid (C4) by BAFLOP supplementation. The microbial community was affected by BAFLOP supplementation, especially the bacterial population. As revealed by real-time PCR, the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus were reduced by the high concentrate treatments while that of R. flavafaciens were increased. The populations of three dominant cellulolytic bacteria were enhanced by BAFLOP supplementation, especially on high concentrate diet. BAFLOP supplementation did not influence the ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration, while R:C did. In addition, the in vitro digestibility was improved by either R:C or BAFLOP supplementation. The BAFLOP supplementation showed an effect on gas production kinetics, except for the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c), while treatments with high concentrate ratio resulted in the highest values. In addition, BAFLOP tended to increase gas production. Based on this study, it could be concluded that R:C had an effect on rumen ecology both in buffalo and cattle rumen fluid and hence, BAFLOP could be used as a rumen buffering agent for enhancing rumen ecology fed on high concentrate diet. It is recommended that level of BAFLOP supplementation should be at 2 to 4% of total dry matter of substrate. However, in vivo trials should be subsequently conducted to investigate the effect of BAFLOP in high concentrate diets on rumen ecology as well as ruminant production.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 상승온도가 벼재배나 볏짚 및 요소 투입과의 복합작용을 통해 토양미생물에 미치는 영향에 대한 평가를 하였다. 상승온도에 의해 토양이화학성이 부분적으로 영향을 받았으며, 이러한 환경변화는 토양미생물에 간접적인 영향을 줄것으로 판단된다. 온도가 전체 토양미생물 밀도에 미치는 효과는 크지 않았으며, 방선균만 온도의 증가로 감소하였기 때문에 미생물 군집구성이 온도변화에 의해 부분적으로만 영향을 받았다는 것을 보여준다. 또한, 벼 재배에 의해 전체 PLFA 수치가 1.3배 증가하였다는 것은 식물이 토양미생물에 크게 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자라는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 이러한 미생물 밀도 및 군집 변화가 물질순환이나 토양의 기능성에 미치는 영향에 대한 추가적인 검토가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.533-540
• /
• 2011

The objectives of experiments were to compare directly the effects of synchrony of slowly fermented (corn and corn gluten meal; C-CGM) and of rapidly fermented ingredients (barley and soybean meal; B-SBM) in the rumen on starch disappearances in gastrointestinal tracts (Experiment 1) and growth performance (Experiment 2) of Hanwoo steers in the feedlot barn. In experiment 1, four Hanwoo steers ($288{\pm}21$ kg) fitted with ruminal and "T" shaped duodenal cannula were placed in one pen with Calan gate and assigned randomly to a duplicate $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. In experiment 2, eight intact Hanwoo steers ($311{\pm}8$ kg) were assigned randomly to one of two pens with Calan gate to evaluate the effect of the same diets as like in experiment 1 on growth performance. There were no differences in ruminal pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations between treatments. Percentage of apparent ruminal starch disappearance was 33.3% unit lower (p<0.05) for steers fed C-CGM than for steers fed B-SBM diets and this difference resulted in 268% higher (p<0.05) in duodenal starch flows for steers fed C-CGM diet than for steers fed B-SMB diet. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in quantity (927 vs. 400 g/d) of corn starch digested post-ruminally compared to barley starch. However, percentage of starch apparently digested post-ruminally was 8% higher (p=0.1) in steers fed fast synchrony diet with B-SBM than in steers fed slow synchrony diets with C-CGM. The differences of percentage and amount of starch apparently digested post-ruminally between C-CGM and B-SBM diets did not affect rice straw DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. In conclusion, there is some uncertainty in regards to the relationship between site of starch digestion and DM intake, ADG, and feed efficiency in this study.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 1994

육계분을 pile의 내부온도 peak를 조절하여(조절 무, $70^{\circ}C$이하, $60^{\circ}C$ 이하 composting 처리시 공정기간에 걸친 물리.화학적인 성상 변화를 고찰하였다. Composting 에 이용된 구조물의 크기는 $1.0{\times}1.0{\times}1.2m$였다. 육계분은 공정 개시후 5~6주 경과시 암모니아취가 없고, 왕겨 크기의 입자로 분해된, 연한 갈색의 최종 생산물로 전환되었다. Compost 의 내부온도는 공정 개시후 3~4일경에 peak에 도달하였고, 이 후 서서히 감소하였다. 8주 경과시의 Compost 의 최종 함수율은 26.5% 였으며, pH는 9.0~9.1, C/N ratio는 14.0~14.3의 범위를 보였다. C/N ratio 의 증가는 N의 손실이 주 요인이었다. 최초 중량과 비교할 때, 공정 후 8주 경과시의 총 중량은 평균 38.8%, 건물 중량은 평균 64.1%, 유기물 중량은 평균 34.8% 정도였다. 계분 compost 의 함수율, pH, C/N ratio, 총 중량, 건물 중량, 유기물 중량은 내부온도 조절에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았다. 육계분 compost 는 공정 개시 후 5~6주 경과시에 물리.화학적 변화가 매우 적은 물질로 전환되었으며, 공정상의 N 손실을 사전 방지하여 composting 효율을 향상시키는 방안이 고려되어져야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 2012

Rumen fermentative characteristic is useful indicators of the quality of ruminant feed stuffs and diets. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment was therefore carried out to compare fermentation patterns among three forage sources. These were whole crop barley (WCBS), Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and rice straw silages (RSS). Rice straw (RS) was the control, making the treatments 4 in total. Forages were randomly allocated to serum bottles. The incubation times were arranged 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Each forage source was replicated 3 times per incubation time. At each sampling time, total gas and pH were measured, whilst individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were determined later after storing samples at $-20^{\circ}C$. Acetate: Propionate ratio (A/P) was then calculated. Forage source had a significant effect (P<0.001) on pH and $NH_3$-N. RSS maintained higher pH values than the rest of the forage sources. A decreasing pH trend with increased time of incubation, in agreement with literature, was observed for all forage sources. WCBS recorded $NH_3$-N values higher than all the other treatments. Total gas, individual and total VFA and A/P ratio were not affected by forage source. However, there was a significant difference in all parameters (p<0.05) among forage sources at sampling periods at 3 to 72h. Therefore, the present results indicating that WCBS, IRGS, RS and RSS maintained in vitro rumen pH above the critical value. Also, WCBS produced the highest NH3-N and on this merit could be of better nutritive value, in vivo, in the ruminant.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.365-372
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 밭 토양에서 종류가 상이한 퇴비 연용이 토양 중 물리적 특성과 토양 미생물상 변동에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 밭 토양 토성은 양토와 사양토를 공시하여 계분퇴비, 우분퇴비, 분뇨잔사 및 식품오니퇴비등 4종을 사용하였다. 퇴비 시용량은 0, 40, $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 수준으로 처리하여 1994년 1997년도까지 4년간 시험한 주요연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 양토의 용적밀도는 퇴비 무시용구가 $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$인 반면에 퇴비시용구는 $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$, 사양토는 무시용구 $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$에서 시용구는 $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ 수준으로 감소하였다. 재배작물별 용적밀도변화는 옥수수재배는 나지와 비슷하였다. 퇴비시용시 유기물 분해미생물은 $5^{\circ}C$보다 $25^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 배양초기에 균수가 급속히 증가되었고, 토성별로는 양토에서 사양토보다 민감하게 증가되었다. 질소순환에 관련된 미생물의 변화는 암모니아 산화균은 배양초기에 많았고, 탈질균은 1~4주까지 증가되다가 다시 감소되었다. 토성별로는 암모니아 산화균은 양토에서, 탈질균은 사양토에서 $25^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 균수가 증가되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.437-450
• /
• 2013

거대억새 1호는 한국에서 새로이 개발된 품종이다. 본 연구의 목적은 거대억새 1호의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위해 in vitro 반추위 발효 시험 및 in situ 건물소화율을 조사하였다. in vitro 발효에 따른 pH는 전반적으로 거대억새 1호 시험구들이 RS에 비해 높은 수치를 보였다. 1y4m에서 다른 시험구에 비해 가장 높은 acetate 생성량을 나타내었다. propionate 및 전체 휘발성 지방산 생성량에서 시험구들간 유의성이 배양 9, 24 및 48시간에서 나타났다. in situ 건물소실율 시험 결과 RS(60.51%) > 1y4m(57.65%) > 2y4m(57.63%) > 2y8m(46.28%)순으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 이른 예취시기가 거대억새 1호의 영양적 가치를 향상시키는 것을 반영한다. 그러나 거대억새 1호가 반추가축을 위한 양질의 조사료로 이용되기 위해서는 실제 사양시험이 우선되어야 한다.