• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2015

Postprandial ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed two different feed types, moist pellet (MP) and expanded pellet (EP) diets, to satiation were determined at $12^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. The ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption rates increased with increasing water temperature. However, the postprandial times for the maximum rates of ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption were shortened from 12 h to 6 h after feeding with increasing water temperature. The ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption rates of the fish fed EP were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed MP at 12 h post-feeding both for $12^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. The highest (P < 0.05) weight-specific ammonia excretion rates at $12^{\circ}C$ were observed in the fish fed EP and MP at $12.1mg\;NH_3-N\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $8.7mg\;NH_3-N\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively, for 12 h and 9 h after feeding. The highest (P < 0.05) weight-specific oxygen consumption rates at $12^{\circ}C$ were observed in fish fed EP and MP at $116.4mg\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $101.0mg\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively, for 12 h after feeding. The highest ammonia excretion rates at $25^{\circ}C$ in the fish fed EP and MP increased to $16.9mg\;NH_3-N\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $18.3mg\;NH_3-N\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively, for 6 h after feeding. The highest (P < 0.05) weight-specific oxygen consumption rates at $25^{\circ}C$ were observed in fish fed EP and MP at $184.3mg\;O_2kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $197.3mg\;O_2kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively. These data are valuable for the design of biofilters and development of effluent treatment technologies for the land-based flounder farms.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.435-438
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• 1997

Biological ammonia removal system have been used conventionally for the seawater fish farming. But this process requires long hydraulic retention times and large area. Also it has a trouble of NO3-N accumulation in the system. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the feasibility of effective nitrogen removal efficiency in the sea water fish farming system by electolysis. As the result, electrolysis system showed a good ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal and E. coli sterilization efficiencies. Because of the high salinities in the seawater for electron transfer, electrolysis is an effictive water treatment process for seawater fish farming. The relation among ammonia removal efficiency, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and electric wattage (watt) with 10 mm electrod distance isas follow ; log [$NH_4^$+-N(%)]=0.431log(HRT(sec)$\times$Watt)+0.88(r=0.950) And the relation between ammonia removal efficiency and residual chlorine concentration in the seawater is as follow; $$NH_4^+-N(%)=48\cdotlog[Residual\;chlorine(mg/\ell)+28(r=0.892)$$

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2009

This research examined the effect of ammonia nitrogen loading rate(NVLR) on the anaerobic digestion of slurry-typed swine wastewater. The anaerobic reactor was used an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process. This UASB reactor was operated at a NVLR of $0.02{\sim}0.96kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$. The methane content showed the range of 73.3~77.9% during the steady state period. Free ammonia(FA) concentration increased over inhibition level as pH increase from 7.3 to 8.2. However, in consideration of methane content, methane producing bacteria (MPB) inhibition by FA and total ammonia(TA) was not observed. A stepwise increase of the NVLR resulted in a deterioration in the COD removal rate in UASB reactor. The COD removal rate were 60% for NVLR up to $0.55kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$. As the NVLR increased from 0.09 to $0.96kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$, the biogas production rate varied from 3.71 to 9.14L/d and the methane conversion rate of the COD varied from 0.32 to $0.20m^3CH_4/kg$ COD removed. Consequently, in considerations of FA concentration, COD removal rate, and $CH_4$ production rate, the UASB reactor must be operated to lower than $0.40kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$ of NVLR.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.149-160
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the impact of recent high concentrations of fine dust on human health. Ammonia(NH₃) reacts with sulfur oxides and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere to form ultrafine ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate (PM2.5). There is a growing need for accurate estimates of the amount of ammonia emitted during agricultural production. Therefore, in this study, ammonia emissions generated from the cultivation of leafy perilla in plastic houses were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cow manure compost, swine manure compost, and poultry manure compost each at 34.6 ton ha^-1, the amount commonly used by farmers in the field, was sprayed on the soil surface. Just after spraying cow manure compost, swine manure compost, and poultry manure compost, the ammonia was periodically measured and analyzed to be 22.5 kg ha^-1, 22.8 kg ha^-1, and 85.2 kg ha^-1, respectively. The emission factors were estimated at 70.0 kg-NH₃ ton-N, 62.8 kg-NH₃ ton-N, and 234.1 kg-NH₃ ton-N, respectively. Most ammonia was released in the two weeks after application of the compost and then the amount released gradually decreased. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is necessary to improve the emission factor through a study on the estimation of ammonia emission by type of livestock manure and major farming types such as rice fields and uplands, and to update data on the production, distribution, and sales of livestock manure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.661-672
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• 1998

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a range of concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia ($NH_3$-N) on forage digestibility, microbial growth efficiency and the mix of microbial species. Urea was either continuously infused directly into the rumen of sheep fed 33.3 glh of oaten chaff (Exp. I) or sprayed onto the oaten chaff (750 g/d) given once daily (Exp. 2). Concentrations of $NH_3$-N increased with incremental addition of urea (p < 0.01). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and 24 h in sacco organic matter digestibility in the rumen were higher when supplemental urea was given (p < 0.01). The (C2 + C4) : C3 VFA ratio was lower (p < 0.05) when $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/I. The fungal sporangia appearing on oat leaf blades were significantly higher when urea was supplemented, indicating that $NH_3$-N was a growthlimiting nutrient for fungi at levels of $NH_3$-N below 30 mgN/l. The density of protozoa was highest when $NH_3$-N concentrations were adjusted to 30 mgN/I for continuously fed ($4.4{\times}10^5/ml$) and to 168 mgN/1 for once daily feeding ($2.9{\times}10^5/ml$). Thereafter increasing concentrations of $NH_3$-N, were associated with a concomitant decline in protozoal densities. At the concentration of $NH_3$-N above 200 mgN/l, the density of protozoa was similar to the density of protozoa in ruminal fluid of the control sheep ($1.8{\times}10^5/ml$). The efficiency of net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen calculated from purine excretion was 17-47% higher when the level of $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/1. The possibilities are that 1) there is less bacterial cell lysis in the rumen because of the concomitant decrease in the protozoal pool and/or 2) microbial growth per se in the rumen is more efficient with increasing $NH_3$-N concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.907-914
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• 2019

Ammonia (NH₃) that reacts with nitric or sulfuric acid in the air is the major culprit contributing to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). NH₃ volatilization mainly originates from nitrogen fertilizer and livestock manure applied to arable soil. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of peat moss (PM) and zeolite (ZL) is high enough to adsorb ammonium (NH₄⁺) in soil. Therefore, they might inhibit volatilization of NH₃. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of PM and ZL on NH₃ volatilization from upland soil. For this, a laboratory experiment was carried out, and NH₃ volatilization from the soil was monitored for 12 days. PM and ZL were added at the rate of 0, 1, 2, and 4% (wt wt^-1) with 354 N g m^-2 of urea. Cumulative NH₃-N volatilization decreased with increasing addition rate of both materials. Mean value of cumulative NH₃-N volatilization across application rate with PM was lower than that with ZL. CEC increased with increasing addition rate of both materials. While the soil pH increased with ZL, it decreased with PM. Increase in CEC resulted in NH₄⁺ adsorption on the negative charge of the external surface of both materials. In addition, decrease in soil pH hinders the conversion of NH₄⁺ to NH₃. Based on the above results, the addition of PM or ZL could be an optimum management to reduce NH₃ volatilization from the soil. However, PM was more effective in decreasing NH₃ volatilization than ZL due to the combined effect of CEC and pH.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2000

Removal of ammonia using the porous ceramic biofilter inoculated with earthworm casts was characterized. By assuming a plug air flow in the biofilter and applying the Michaelis-Menten equation, the maximum removal rate of $NH_3$ was $280.7g-N{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$($18.0g-N{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) at $30^{\circ}C$. $NH_3$ removal rate was increased as temperature increases from $15^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. The maximum removal rate was $285.8g-N{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$($18.8g-N{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) at $35^{\circ}C$. At $15^{\circ}C$, the $NH_3$ removal rate was $122.8g-N{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$($8.1g-N{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$). When 210 ppm $NH_3$ was supplied to the biofilter at space velocity of $220h^{-1}$, the removal efficiency of $NH_3$ at 15, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ was 80, 90, 95, and 96%, respectively. The removal rate of the ceramic biofilter was 3 to 15 times higher than other biofilters comparing the removal efficiency of $NH_3$ per unit volume of carrier. This result indicates that earthworm casts and porous ceramics are very good inoculum source and carrier, respectively, for the $NH_3$-degrading biofilter.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2020

Pig slurry (PS) is the most applicable recycling option as an alternative organic fertilizer. The application of pig slurry has the risk of air pollution via atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The zeolite has a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, thus utilizing for the potential additive of deodorization and gas adsorption. This study aimed to investigate the possible roles of zeolite in mitigating NH3 and N2O emission from the pig slurry applied to the maize cropping. The experiment was composed of three treatments: 1) non-N fertilized control, 2) pig slurry (PS) and 3) pig slurry mixed with natural zeolite (PZ). Both of NH3 and N2O emission from applied pig slurry highly increased by more than 3-fold compared to non-N fertilized control. The NH3 emission from the pig slurry was dominant during early 14 days after application and 20.1% of reduction by zeolite application was estimated in this period. Total NH3 emission through whole period of measurement was 0.31, 1.33, and 1.14 kg ha-1. Nitrous oxide emission in the plot applied with pig slurry was also reduced by zeolite treatment by 16.3%. Significant increases in forage and ear yield, as well as nutrient values were obtained by pig slurry application, while no significant effects of zeolite were observed. These results indicate that the application of zeolite and pig slurry efficiently reduces the emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide without negative effects on maize crop production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2011

Ammonia in water which is toxic to human, its concentration is regulated below 0.5 mg/L in drinking water. Current study aimed to develop appropriate models for ammonia stripping using hollow fiber membrane contactor. Two different models were developed during the study. Model 1 was assumed only free ammonia ($NH_3$) transfer in stripping process, whereas the Model 2 was assumed with total ammonia ($NH_3+{NH_4}^+$) transfer. Ammonium chloride ($NH_4CI$), sodium hydroxide(NaOH) were used to make ammonia solution, which was concentration of 25 mg as N/L at a pH of 10.5. The experimental conditions were such that, the liquid flow was in tube-side in upward direction and t he gas flow was on shell-side in downward direction a t room temperature. The experimental and modeling results showed that marginal difference were observed at low gas flux. However the difference between the both models and experimental value were increased when the gas flux was increased. The study concludes that the Model 1 with free ammonia is more appropriate when both models were compared and useful in ammonia stripping process at low gas flux.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.321-327
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• 2005

Ammonia ($NH_3$) volatilization was measured from latex coated urea (LCU) and normal urea treated rice paddy under transplanting rice culture in Milyang in 2002 and 2003. The $NH_3$ volatilization from incubation experiment was significantly related with ammonium-N ($NH_4-N$) concentration and pH in the surface water. The correlation coefficients of $NH_3$ volatilization compared to the $NH_4-N$ and pH in surface water were significantly higher in urea than LCU. The $NH_3$ volatilization from both urea and LCU treatments was not increased in surface water of pH less than 8.0, while $NH_3$ volatilization increased significantly in the surface water of pH over 8.0. The results in the field experiment indicated that $NH_3$ volatilization after top-dressing of urea increased rapidly with increasing $NH_4-N$ concentration in soil and floodwater, and highest from 7 to 10 days after top-dressing. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from urea treatment was in the range of $4.9-8.4kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. The variations of $NH_3$ volatilization in 2002 and 2003 were caused by changed N dynamics due to the different weather conditions such as rainfall and temperature. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from LCU treatment was significantly reduced compared to that of urea. The reason for the reduced $NH_3$ volatilization in LCU treatment would be due to the lower concentration of $NH_4-N$ in floodwater. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from LCU treated rice paddy was in the range of $1.2-1.8kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, and the loss of N by ammonia volatilization was 2.0-2.3%. Loss of N by $NH_3$ volatilization with LCU treatment was reduced by 75-79% comparing to urea treatment.