• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1199-1203
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• 2009

Melamine is a chemical intermediate to manufacture amino resins and plastics, which cannot be used as food additive since it can cause kidney stones. A qualitative determination method of melamine residue in powdered and liquid milk was developed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. The calibration sets consisted of 21 standard melamine solutions, in which 1% trichloroacetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile (3:1, v/v) were used as solvent. The model was validated using 10 standard melamine solutions which were unused to build up the calibration set. Infrared (IR) absorbance peaks specific to almost all chemical groups in melamine molecule were shown in the spectral range between 1,100 and 1,800/cm. Combined partial least squares (PLS)-$2^{nd}$ derivative calibration model coupled with mean centering (MC) mathematical enhancement showed the highest correlation coefficients ($R^2$>0.99). In brief, the FTIR technique can be used for quantitative analysis of melamine in milk samples.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.392-395
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• 2014

생리학적 활성을 가진 (2S,3S,4S)-3,4-다이하이드록시 글루타믹산(DHGA)을 값이 저렴하고 수급이 용이한 D-serine 유도체로부터 효율적으로 합성하였다. D-serine 유도체로부터 얻어진 ${\gamma}$-아미노-${\alpha},{\beta}$-불포화성(Z)-에스터의 아민에 다이페닐메틸렌기를 도입, 이를 이용한 입체선택적 이 중 알코올화 반응을 통해 2,3 위치에 두 개의 하이드록시기를 10 : 1 이상의 높은 선택성과 86%의 높은 수율로 도입하여 중간체 5a를 효율적으로 합성하였고, 이 중간체의 간단한 산화 및 가수분해 반응을 통해 (2S,3S,4S)-3,4-DHGA 합성에 성공하였다. 이는 11단계에 총 30%의 수율과 입체선택적인 결과로 현재까지 보고된 (2S,3S,4S)-3,4-DHGA의 합성법 중에 가장 효율적이다. 이 결과는 $OsO_4$을 이용한 입체선택적 이중 알콜화 반응이 아미노 다이올을 포함하는 다양한 생리활성 물질의 효율적인 합성에 적용할 수 있음을 뒷받침한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

Background: Furosine (${\varepsilon}$-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in the digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs was confirmed using HPLC-MS. Methods: An ion-pair reversed-phase LC method was used for the quantitative analysis of FML in various ginseng samples. Results: The contents of FML in the ginseng samples were 3.35-42.28 g/kg protein. The lowest value was observed in the freshly collected ginseng samples, and the highest value was found in the black ginseng concentrate. Heat treatment and honey addition significantly increased the FML content from 3.35 g/kg protein to 42.28 g/kg protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that FML is a promising indicator to estimate the heat treatment degree and honey addition level during the manufacture of ginseng products. The FML content is also an important parameter to identity the quality of ginseng products. In addition, the generation and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products-FML in ginseng processing was also investigated, providing a solid theoretical foundation and valuable reference for safe ginseng processing.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2009

19 Aromatic ring and L-amino acid ester contained rupestonic acid amide derivatives 2a~2l, 3a~3g were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated in vitro against influenza virus $A_3$,B and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), 2(HSV-2) by the national center for drug screening of China. The rusults showed that 2i possessed the highest inhibition against both influenza virus $A_3\;(TC_{50}\;=\;120.6\;{\mu}mol/L,\;IC_{50}=\;19.2\;{\mu}$mol/L, SI = 6.3) and B (T$C_{50}\;=\;120.6\;{\mu}mol/L,\;IC_{50}=\;29.9\;{\mu}$mol/L, SI = 4.0); 2g was more active against influenza $A_3$ virus at very low cytotoxicity ($TC_{50}\;>\;2092.1\;{\mu}mol/L,\;IC_{50}=\;143.7\;{\mu}mol/L,$ SI > 14.6) than the parent compound; Compounds 2b, 2c, 2f showed higher activities both against HSV-1 and HSV-2 than that of the parent compound, and 2f was the most potent inhibitor of HSV-1 ($TC_{50}\;=\;200.0\;{\mu}mol/L,\;IC_{50}\;=\;11.3\;{\mu}mol$/L, SI = 17.7 ) and HSV-2 ($TC_{50}\;=\;200.0\;{\mu}mol/L,\;IC_{50}\;=\;20.7\;{\mu}mol$/L , SI = 9.7).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10819-10824
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• 2015

Aims: To explore the effect and probable mechanism of a synthetic retinoid 4-amino-2-tri-fluoromethylphenyl ester (ATPR) on apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: MTT assays were performed to measure the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with different concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and ATPR. Morphologic changes were observed by microscopy. The apoptosis rates and cell cycling of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with ATRA or ATPR were assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Expression of retinoic acid receptor and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38 proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results: Treatment of the cells with the addition of $15{\mu}mol/L$ ATPR for 48 h clearly demonstrated reduced cell numbers and deformed cells, whereas no changes in the number and morphology were observed after treatment with ATRA. The apoptosis rate was 33.2% after breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were treated by ATPR ($15{\mu}mol/L$) whereas ATRA ($15{\mu}mol/L$) had no apoptotic effect. ATPR inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 while ATRA had no significant effect. ATPR inhibited the expression of BiP and increased the expression of Chop at the protein level compared with control groups, ATRA and ATPR both decreased the protein expression of $RXR{\alpha}$, ATPR reduced the protein expression of $RAR{\beta}$ and $RXR{\beta}$ while ATRA did not decrease $RAR{\beta}$ or $RXR{\beta}$. Conclusions: ATPR could induce apoptosis of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, possible mechanisms being binding to $RAR{\beta}/RXR{\beta}$ heterodimers, then activation of ER stress involving the MAPK pathway.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.933-942
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• 2003

Coenzyme Q은 긴 isoprenoid 사슬을 갖는 quinone의 유도체이다. Coenzyme Q는 진핵생명체의 미토콘드리아의 내막과 원핵생명체의 세포막에 위치하는 전자전달계에 존재하는 지용성 물질이며, 또한 항산화제로의 기능도 갖는다. Coenzyme Q는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae의 호기적 성장에 필수적이며, coq 돌연변이체는 발효가 불가능한 탄소 원에서의 성장이 불가능하다. S. cerevisiae의 $coq^7$p 효소들과 유사성을 나타내는 단백질을 암호화하는 Neurcspora crassa cDNA를 효모의 발현 벡터에 삽입하였다. N. crassa COQ7의 예상 서열은 S. cerevisiae의 효소와 58% homology를 보였다. N. crassa $coq^{-7}$ 유전자의 S. cerevisiae $coq^7$ 형질전환체는 야생형 균주와 유사한 성장률을 보였다. 형질전환 균주들은 발효가 불가능한 탄소원인 글리세롤을 유일한 탄소원으로 배양하였을 경우에도 정상적인 성장을 나타냈다. 또한 불포화지방산인 linolenic acid를 성장 배지에 첨가하여도 야생형 균주와 유사한 생존율이 관찰되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.770-774
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• 2014

The bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the chemical bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms of a simple TEMPO-derivative is calculated by employing the density functional theory, the $2^{nd}$ order M${\phi}$ller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory, and complete basis set (CBS) methods. We find that BDE of the positive ion of the TEMPO-derivative is larger at least by 7 kcal/mol than that of the negative ion, which implies that the dissociation reaction rate of the positive ion should be slower than that of the negative ion. Such theoretical predictions are contrary to the results of our previous experiments (Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 7044), in which the larger energy was required for negative o-TEMPO-Bz-C(O)-peptides to undergo the dissociation reactions than for the positive ones. By comparing our theoretical results to those of the experiments, we conclude that the dissociation reaction of o-TEMPO-Bz-C(O)-peptide should occur in a complicated fashion with a charge, either positive or negative, probably being located on the amino acid residues of the peptide.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 소스나 수프 등의 기본 재료가 되는 바지락 육수를 제조함에 있어서 바지락 육수의 각종 영양 성분을 적절하게 이용하여 바지락 육수를 만들고자 하였다. 수분 함량은 가열시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적(p < 0.001)으로 낮아졌다. 색도 측정 결과, L값은 S1(31.15)이 가장 높았고, a값은 S5(-0.36)가 가장 높았으며, b값은 S5(0.67)가 가장 높았다. pH는 60분 가열한 S5가 7.35로 가장 낮아 가열시간이 증가시 유의적(p < 0.001)인 차이를 보이며 낮았다. 당도는 S5가 $3.30^{\circ}Brix$로 가장 높았고, S1이 $2.63^{\circ}Brix$로 낮았으며, 염도는 S1이 0.73%로 가장 낮았고 가열시간이 증가시 시료간의 유의적인(p < 0.001) 차이를 보이며 염도가 높아졌다. 무기질 용출량은 Na의 함량이 가장 높으며, 칼륨과, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 철 모두 60분에서 가열한 바지락 육수가 가장 높았으며, 유리 아미노산은 총21종이 검출되고, 필수 아미노산에서는 Arginine이 가장 많이 용출되었으며, 맛난 맛 아미노산에서는 Glygine, 그 밖의 유리 아미노산은 Taurine 가장 많이 검출되었다. 바지락 육수의 특성 차이 검사 결과에서는 시원한 맛과 구수한 냄새는 S4가 가장 강하게 평가되었고, 기호도 검사 결과는 외관, 향, 맛, 뒷맛, 전체적인 기호도 모든 항목에서 40분 가열한 S3가 가장 좋게 평가되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼때 해산물 육수의 경우 simmering 시간을 약 30~45분 이라는 사실을 확인 하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1461-1476
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• 2009

This review focuses on the metabolic and osmoregulatory functions of betaine and its impact on nutrient digestibility and performance in pigs and poultry. Betaine is the trimethyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and is present in plant and animal tissue. It has been shown to play an important role in osmoregulation of plants, bacteria and marine organisms. Due to its chemical structure, betaine exerts a number of functions both at the gastrointestinal and metabolic level. As a methyl group donor, betaine is involved in transmethylation reactions and donates its labile methyl group for the synthesis of several metabolically active substances such as creatine and carnitine. Therefore, supplementation of betaine may reduce the requirement for other methyl group donors such as methionine and choline. Beneficial effects on intestinal cells and intestinal microbes have been reported following betaine supplementation to diets for pigs and poultry, which have been attributed to the osmotic properties of betaine. Furthermore, betaine potentially enhances the digestibility of specific nutrients, in particular fiber and minerals. Moreover, at the metabolic level, betaine is involved in protein and energy metabolism. Growth trials revealed positive effects of supplemental betaine on growth performance in pigs and poultry, and there is evidence that betaine acts as a carcass modifier by reducing the carcass fat content. In conclusion, due to its various metabolic and osmoregulatory functions, betaine plays an important role in the nutrition of monogastric animals.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.880-893
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• 2015

Taurine is an abundant amino acid in many animals, including humans. Relatively large amounts of taurine are found in leukocytes, heart, muscles, retinas, kidneys, bones, and liver. Taurine has antioxidant effects; it reacts with hydrogen peroxide to prevent oxidation of the cell membrane. Taurine enhances the effects of anticancer drugs, while also reducing side effects, and taurolidine, a taurine derivative, has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer effects without notable side effects in several types of cancer. Taurine aids in cholesterol metabolism by increasing the rate of synthesis of bile acids, and, thus, reduces triglyceride levels. In addition, taurine is involved in the growth and differentiation of nerve cells and is associated with some neurological disorders. Taurine aids in bone formation and prevents bone dissolution. Moreover, taurine prevents liver damage from a variety of drugs and, thus, protects the liver. Taurine is involved in the development and function of the retina and lens. It also has anti-atherosclerotic and anti-thrombotic effects that protect against cardiovascular disease. Taurine may have additional physiological functions, and warrants further investigation.