• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.520-528
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• 2006

Free amino acids in epidermis function as a major component of Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF), which maintains the optimal level of water in skin even at the low humidity. In fact, the depletion of free amino acids is reported in the epidermis of atopic dermatitis, the skin condition involving dryness. As an effort searching the dietary source for improving the level of water and free amino acid in epidermis, the dietary effects of silk protein, sericin (S) and fibroin (F) on trans epidermal water loss (TEWL), and plasma and epidermal levels of free amino acids were compared in this study. Thirty of male NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis, were divided into three groups: group CA as an atopic control with control diet, group S: 1% sericin diet and group F: 1% fibroin diet. Ten of male BALB/c mice were served as group C (control group) with control diet. All mice were fed on diet and water ad libitum for 10weeks. Dry skin condition was established in group CA as TEWL was increased (148.7% of group C). In parallel, epidermal level of glutamate, one of major amino acids functioning as NMF, was dramatically decreased and epidermal levels of methionine and alanine were inversely elevated. Dietary supplementation of sericin (group S) reduced TEWL at the similar level with group C and increased epidermal levels of glutamate as well as serine and glycine, the other major amino acids as NMF. Despite a marked decrease of methionine and alanine, the reduction of TEWL and epidermal levels of glutamate, serine and glycine of group F were less than of group S. Furthermore, in contrast to similar levels of other free amino acids in plasma and epidermis of group S and group C, plasma and epidermal levels of other free amino acids, specifically phenylalanine, isoleucine, cysteine and tyrosine in epidermis of group F, were significantly higher than of group C. Together, our data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of sericin is more effective at improving dry skin condition that paralleled with the normalization of free amino acids in plasma and epidermis of NC/Nga mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1714-1718
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• 2002

Twelve prepubertal Karan Fries heifers (15 months, $167.7{\pm}13.5kg$) were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was fed as per NRC requirements and group 2 was fed 20% more protein than group 1 heifers. The experimental feeding was continued until the onset of puberty in both the groups. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for amino acids using HPLC. Group 1 and 2 heifers required $178.6{\pm}33.8$ and $152.8{\pm}33.2$ days of experimental feeding to exhibit first estrus resulting in total age at puberty as $639.4{\pm}27.3$ and $618.6{\pm}24.6$ days in the two groups respectively. The concentration of total amino acids averaged 4.40 and 4.89 mmol/l and those of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was 2.32 and 2.49 mmol/l in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of plasma essential amino acids i.e. histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were higher (p<0.01) in group 2 than group 1. Plasma concentration of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) was significantly higher in group 2 (1.28 mmol/l) than in group 1 (1.12 mmol/l). Increased levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine are implicated in increased follicular growth and development in prepubertal heifers and resulted in a 26 day earlier attainment of puberty by 26 days in an experimental period of six months in group 2 heifers. Increased concentrations of aspartate and tyrosine in group 2 heifers might be associated with the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus influencing LH release from anterior pituitary in such animals. It is therefore evident that increased availability of certain amino acids in heifers fed high protein diet might have led to early onset of puberty.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 1992

Comparative amino acid quantities on the blood analysis was carried out to investigate the amino acid specific characters on the blood in four type of physical constitution 1. In TAE-EUM-IN group, compared with control group, the proline and the serine were more observed. 2. In SO-EUM-IN group, compared with control group, the aspartic acid was more observed. 3. In SO-YANG-IN group, compared with control group, the proline was more observed. but the threonine and the aspartic acid were less observed. 4. In SO-EUM-IN group, compared with TAE-EUM-IN group, the aspartic acid and the serine were more observed. 5. In SO-YANG-IN group, compared with TAE-EUM-IN group, the serine and the proline were more observed, but the glutamic acid and the threonine were less observed. 6. In SO-YANG-IN group, compared with SO-EUM-IN group, the threonine and the aspartic acid were less observed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.274-277
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• 1999

A study has been conducted to investigate the radioprotective effects of purslane extracts (P) when i.p. injected before irradiation (R). For studying the amino acid composition, three groups of ICR mice (7-week-old) were tested. The first group i.p. injected with purslane extract for 5 days were irradiated with 6 Gy of ${\gamma}$-radiation (P+R). The second group was irradiate with 6 Gy without any pretreatment (R). The third group was non-irradiated control (CT). Each group divided into two groups for the survival rate study, one injected with saline (S) and the other injected with purslane extract (P) for five days and then irradiated with 8 Gy. The amino acid composition of urine samples were analyzed with HPLC for 19 days after irradiation. A few kinds of amino acids such as lysine and methionine in urine from P+R group increased in comparison with those from CT or R group. The survival rate of P group maintained much higher than that of S group during experimental period. The results obtained may support that this plant has radioprotective substances by means of life-lengthening, not of urine amino acid components.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

We compared the fermentation of 0 to 4 weeks by manufacturing a rapid low salt-fermented seahorse with a commercial Protamex added to the functional food, Hippocampus abdominalis. We studied amino acid composition, content and major amino acids related to flavor during the fermentation process of salt-fermented seahorse. In the enzyme-free group, it showed little change in the content of non-protein nitrogenous compounds, the content of amino acids and degree of hydrolysis. The Protamex enzyme treatment group was rapidly hydrolyzed in one week of ripening, resulting in increased non-protein nitrogenous compounds content, amino acid content and degree of hydrolysis, and minimal changes in the four weeks. The total amino acid contents ratio showed the highest content of glutamic acid in the enzyme additive group, glycine, alanine, which indicates sweet taste, and serine, the content of glycine, alanine, serine, and lysine, indicating sweet taste, has increased significantly over the enzyme-free group. Twenty species of free amino acid in the four-week of salt-fermented seahorse were detected. It detected 43.0% (6 species) in the enzyme-free group and 63.96% (7 species) in the enzyme additive group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in ra. Thirty male rats (body weight 145$\pm$2g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the first group were fed on casein 20% diet as animal protein source and those in the second group were fed on soy 20% diet as plant protein source. Sulfur amino acid ratio of these group was 1.07:1. The rats in the third group were fed on soy 20% diet and the sulfur amino acid were supplemented with the amount contained as much in the soy 20% diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks, The total body, spine, femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline, creatinine in urine and calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin in serum were measured. During the experimental period, plant protein (soy protein) group had a lower urinary Ca excretion, urine pyridinoline ＆ crosslinks value and had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein) group. There were no significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin among the three groups of the rats. The findings from this study demonstrated that plant protein (soy protein) is beneficial of bone mineral density because it had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein). However, the supplementation of sulfur amino acid on soy results were consistent with prior studies that dietary sulfur amino acid load had a negative effect on calcium balance. The rats fed sulfur amino acid supplementation diet increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium efficiency for total and femur mineral density. Therefore, dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content influence bone metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 100-107, 2004)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 1977

The male rats after weaning were fed with the mixed diets of rice and some cereals for three weeks in a ad-libitum method. The growthgain of rats were determined by feeding those diets and the contents of free basic amino acids level in plasma were analyzed by amino acid analyzer. The results were as follows; 1. Rice diets group was highest in growthgain and weightgain, the second was the mixed of 80% rice-20% barley, and the last was the 80% rice-20% wheat group. 2. It was similar in the contents of plasma free basic amino acids of every diet group. The contents of Lys was highest and Arg, His were low in order. The mixed diet of 80% rice-20% barley group was higher than the rice only diet group in the contents of Lys and His. but rice only group was highest in Arg. The mixed of 80% rice-20% wheat diet group was lowest in the contents of Lys, His, Arg. Therefore feeding mixed diets of rice and cereals. the contents of Lys was highest, the second was Arg and the last was His in the plasma free basic amino acids level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

Wistar Strain male rats were divided into four different diet groups and the control group was fed on seven percent casein diet (C), the second with a mixture of 80% of rice and 20% of buckwheat (RW), the third with rice only (R), and the fourth with a mixture of rice and buckwheat of equal nitrogen level (RWS). Each diet group consisted of six rats was fed for three weeks by the adlibitum feeding method. The results of the experiment, i, e, the growth gain and change in the level of branch-amino acids in the plasma determined by the micro-bioassay method were as follows. 1. The group C showed the largest growth gain and the rest did in the order of RW group, R group, and RWS group. 2. It was shown that rats fed on diet of higher protein score tend to have higher level of free branch-amino acids in the plasma. 3. Thus, the protein score may be estimated based on the level of the free branch-amino acids in the plasma.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2002

Structural analysis was performed by the $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$ C-NMR, amino acid composition analysis and FAB-mass. The instrumental analysis represented that the potential antifungal antibiotic belonged to the iturin E group antibiotic, consisting of 7 $\alpha$-amino acid residues and a collection of $\beta$-amino acid with aliphatic side chain. Compared to the Iturin E group, notably, the potent antifungal antibiotic from Bacillus sp. YJ-63 carried longer $\beta$-amino acid side chain. In conclusion, these findings identified a potential antibiotic, which contained a stable cyclopeptide structure with long $\beta$-amino acid side chain.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acid supplementation of oocyte maturation medium on 1st polar body(PB) extrusion, embryo development and blastocsyt cell number. In experiment 1, Cumulus oocyte complexes(COCs) were matured in in vitro maturation(IVM) medium supplemented with 1, 2, or 4-fold of 10 $\mu$l/ml MEM non-essential amino acid(NEAA) and 20 Park, $\mu$ l/ml BME essential amino acid(EAA). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in 1-fold amino acid group was significantly higher than that matured in medium without amino acid (p＜0.05), but it was decreased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. There were no difference in the percentage of embryos reaching 2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst in all treatments. The number of trophectoderm(TE) cells and total cell number of blastocysts were highest in 2-fold amino acid group, and the number of inner cell mass(ICM) cells was increased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. In experiment 2, COCs were matured in IVM medium with 1, 5, or 10 mg/ml lactalbumin hydrolysate(LAH). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in medium with 5 mg LAH was significantly higher than that matured in medium with 1 mg LAH (p＜0.05). The development rate to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in non-supplement and 1 mg LAH group than in 5 mg and 10 mg LAH group (p＜0.05). The number of TE cells and total cell number did not differ among treatment groups, but the number of ICM cells was increased by the increase of LAH supplement. These results suggested that the supplement of certain group of amino acid in IVM medium effective on the quality of blastocyst, and further studies will be accompany with the search of new sources of amino acid used for the use of in vitro embryo production.