• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 1986

수산식품단백질의 정확한 품질평가를 위한 새로운 실험 모델을 개발하기 위한 일환으로 전보(Ryu등, 1985)에 이어 6종의 해산 갑각류를 선정하여 비교적 최근에 개발된 four-enzyme digestion technique 및 C-PER assay를 사용하여 이의 품질을 평가하였으며, 또한 이들 technique의 갑각류 단백질에 적용 여부 및 선택성을 검토하였고 그 결과에 영향을 미치는 제요인들을 조사하였다. 시료로 사용된 해산 갑각류는 조단백질이 $85\%$ 이상(건물중량)으로 고급의 단백질원이었으며 이에 조지방 및 조회분을 합하면 $95\%$를 상회하여 이들 세 성분이 주성분이었다. In vitro소화율은 새우류의 경우 $83{\sim}86\%$이었고 어체가 작을 수록 소화율은 높은 반면 trypsin 비소화성물질은 적었다. 생 꽃게육의 소화율은 $80\%$ 정도인 반면, 자숙한 붉은 대게류의 소화율은 $86\%$ 이상으로 자숙에 의한 소화율 증가를 보였고, 부위별로는 집게육의 소화율이 높았다. 일반적으로 생 갑각류의 in vitro 소화율이 낮은 것은 선도저하에 의한 육의 pH변화에 기인된 것으로 생각된다. 새우류 및 게류의 lysinc 함량은 표준 ANRC casein보다 높았으나 다른 필수 아미노산인 Trp, Cys, Met 등은 약간 낮았고 특히 Val, Tyr, Phe 등의 함량은 $50\%$ 정도에 불과하였다. 전반적인 해산 갑각류의 C-PER과 DC-PER은 $2.1{\sim}2.4$정도로 표준단백질 및 다른 어류단백질의 C-PER 및 DC-PER보다 낮았으나 예측소화율은 모두 $90\%$ 이상을 상회하여, 지금까지 알려진 C-PER이 낮은 육단백질의 DC-PER은 훨씬 높다는 일반적인 경향과 상이한 결과를 보여 해산 갑각류 단백질 품질평가시, 소화율은 예측소화율(predicted digestibility) 측정법으로 단백효율비는 보다 정확한 in vitro 소화율 측정법의 개발을 전제로 C-PER technique를 적용함이 바람직할 것 같으며, 보다 정확한 in vitro 소화율 측정에는 선도에 따른 최초의pH, 유리아미노산의 함량 및 TIS 함량 등이 고려된 새로운 model이 개발되어야 할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.453-458
• /
• 1994

체색이 다른 세종류(백색육, 황색육, 회색육)의 식용 달팽이(Giant snail, Achatine fulica)의 일반성분과 무기질을 정량하여 이의 식품학적 가능성을 예측하였으며, 효소를 이용한 단백소화율(in vitro protein digestibility), 단백효율비(C-PER, computed protein efficiency ratio) 및 typsin inibitor 함량을 측정하여 이의 단백질 품질을 평가하였다. 또한 전처리 및 가공조건을 달리한 달팽이 제품의 단백질 품질을 측정하여 바람직한 처리조건을 찾으려 했으며, 달팽이육 중에 다량 포함되어 있는 점액성 물질이 다른 단백질의 소화율에 미치는 영향도 아울러 실험하였다. 1. 식용왕달팽이의 가식부는 39% 정도로서 해산패류보다 10%정도 높았으며 가식부 100g당 11.5~13.7%의 단백질, 0.9~1.3%정도의 지질이 함유되어 있다. 무기질로서는 칼슘, 칼륨 및 마그네슘이 풍부하였고 특히 칼슘함량은 굴(oyster)에 비교하여 5~10배 높았다. 2. 아미노산의 함량과 그 조성은 백색육, 회색육, 황색육이 모두 비슷하였고, 주요 아미노산은 aspaltic acid, glutamic acid, proline과 glycine으로 총아미노산의 52.5%를 차지하였고 특히 필수아미노산 함량이 총아미노산의 45~46%를 차지하여 균형잡힌 단백질로 판별되었다. 3. 생달팽이육의 단백질 소화율은 76.6%(회색육)~81%(황색육과 백색육)였으며 단백효율비는 2.24(백색육)~2.36(황색육) 범위였으나, trypsin inhibitor함량은 체색에 따라 다양하였다(백색윤 22.7mg/g solid, 회색육 28.97mg/g solid 및 황색육 36.75mg/g solid). 4. 10% 식염수에 5분간 침지한 후 10분간 boiling한 달팽이육의 소화율은 생육에 비해 1.7%(백색육)~5.7%(회색육)로 증가하였고, trypsin inhibitor 함량은 12.62mg/g solid (백색육)과 16.40mg/g solid (회색육)로 크게 감소하였으며, C-PER은 가공조건에 따라 변동이 없었다. 5. 생달팽이육에 다량 함유된 점액성물질은 여러가지 단백질의 소화율 2% (ANRC casein)~11%(filefish protein)로 감소시켰다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.999-1005
• /
• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the content of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) as well as the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in barley grains obtained from Australia, France or Canada. Methods: In Exp. 1, 18 growing barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$; $31.5{\pm}3.2kg$) were individually placed in stainless-steel metabolism crates ($1.4{\times}0.7{\times}0.6m$) and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 test diets. In Exp. 2, eight crossbred pigs ($30.9{\pm}1.8kg$) were allotted to a replicate $3{\times}4$ Youden Square designed experiment with three periods and four diets. Two pigs received each diet during each test period. The diets included one nitrogen-free diet and three test diets. Results: The relative amounts of gross energy (GE), CP, and all AA in the Canadian barley were higher than those in Australian and French barley while higher concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and ${\beta}-glucan$ as well as lower concentrations of GE and ether extract were observed in the French barley compared with the other two barley sources. The DE and ME as well as the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine in Canadian barley were higher (p<0.05) than those in French barley but did not differ from Australian barley. Conclusion: Differences in the chemical composition, energy content and the SID and AID of AA were observed among barley sources obtained from three countries. The feeding value of barley from Canada and Australia was superior to barley obtained from France which is important information in developing feeding systems for growing pigs where imported grains are used.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권12호
• /
• pp.1963-1973
• /
• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets' diets with and without whey powder. Methods: Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]×Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results: The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 비육돈 사료내 갯벌 미생물 유래 단백질 분해 효소제를 첨가하였을 때 성장률, 아미노산 소화율, 혈액성상, 육질 특성 및 분내 휘발성 지방산과 NH3-N 함량을 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) 비육돈 80두를 공시하였으며, 시험개시시의 체중은 60.08±2.69kg이었다. 시험설계는 기초사료내 영양소 함량과 효소제의 첨가 유뮤에 따라 high nutrient density diet 처리구, high nutrient density diet에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구(high nutrient density diet+0.1% protease), low nutrient density diet 처리구, low nutrient density diet 처리구에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구(low nutrient density diet+0.1% protease)로 4처리를 하여 처리당 5반복, 반복당 4마리씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 전체 사양시험 기간동안 일당증체량은 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). DM과 N의 소화율은 고 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들 및 저 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 필수 아미노산 소화율은 저 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 비필수 아미노산 소화율에서는 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 고 영양소 사료와 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). BUN 함량은 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 육색에서는 명도를 나타내는 L*값은 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들이 고 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들과 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 비육돈 사료내 갯벌 미생물 유래 단백질 분해 효소제의 첨가는 성장률을 향상시켰고 아미노산 소화율 개선하였으며, BUN 함량과 육색에 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.(색인어：성장률, 아미노산 소화율, 혈액성상, 육질 특성, 휘발성 지방산, NH3-N)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.393-402
• /
• 1995

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive values of supplemental L-lysine, liquid and powder type, and DL-methionine in weanling pigs. For feeding trial, 165 weanling pigs were treated in 2 controls; 18 and 16% CP, 6 supplementations of lysine alone to 16% CP diets; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of liquid and powder type each, and 3 supplementations of lysine + methionine to 15% CP diets; 0.05 + 0.025, 0.1 + 0.05 and 0.2 + 0.1%. Pigs were fed for 5 week to investigate the protein sparing effect of supplemental amino acid, and the optimal supplemental level. A metabolic trial included the measurements of digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, energy, phosphorus and amino acids. The liver acinar cell culture was conducted for the protein synthesis activity of the pigs fed each experimental diet. Supplementation of both type of L-lysine in 16% CP diet showed improved daily weight gain and feed efficiency which were compatible with those of pigs fed 18% CP diet. Groups fed liquid lysine did not differ from those fed powder type in growth performance. Supplementation of lysine and methionine to 15% CP diet did not improve growth performance of pigs to the extent that 18% CP diet was fed. In nutrient digestibility, 16% CP control diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower crude protein digestibility than any other treatments. Digestibilities of 16% CP diets with lysine supplementation were equal to that of 18% CP control, while digestibilities of 15% CP diets with the supplementation of lysine + methionine was inferior to that of 18% CP control. Supplementation of lysine alone reduced the nitrogen excretion compared to the none supplemented control groups. However, addition of lysine + methionine excreted more nitrogen than controls. Pigs fed diet supplemented with lysine alone, or lysine + methionine excreted less fecal phosphorus than those fed none supplemetation. Retained protein from liver tissue of pigs fed 18% diet was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those fed 16% CP diet. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in physical type of lysine. Feeding of powder type showed less secreted protein and greater retained protein in the culture of liver acinar cell. It is concluded that supplementation of lysine at the level of 0.1 to 0.2% can spare 2% of dietary protein and reduce nitrogen excretion by 19.3%. Also, no difference in nutritional values was observed between liquid and powder lysine in weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.691-699
• /
• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권6호
• /
• pp.1063-1076
• /
• 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) as protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and gas emission in growing pig. In experiment 1, the seventy-two crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.98 ± 2.95 kg were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (3 pigs per pen and 6 replicates pen per treatments). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two diets (Poultry offal diets and HIL diets) without or with supplementing protease. The poultry offal in basal diet has been replaced by HIL. In experiment 2, the four crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.1 kg were individually accepted in stainless steel metabolism cages. The dietary treatments included: 1) PO- (PO-; poultry offal diet), 2) PO+ (PO- + 0.05% protease), 3) HIL- (3% PO of PO- diet was replacement 3% HIL), 4) HIL+ (HIL- + 0.05% protease). In experiment 1, From weeks 0 to 2, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were significantly increased in the PO diet group compared with the HIL group. From weeks 2 to 4, ADG and G:F were higher for protease group than for non-protease group. At weeks 2 and 4, the PO diet group had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than HIL diet group. In experiment 2, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) retention were decreased by HIL diet at weeks 2 and 4. The fecal microflora and gas emission were not affected by HIL and protease. The HIL diet showed lower CP digestibility than PO diet and total essential amino acids digestibility tended to higher in PO diet than HIL diet. In summary, the present study revealed that replacement of the PO protein with the HIL protein and the additive of protease in growing pig diets during the overall experimental period had no negative effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.384-389
• /
• 2005

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rice protein concentrate (RPC) in weaning pigs. In expt. I, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with 126 pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.32${\pm}$0.34 kg). Treatments were spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP; control), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and RPC (phase 1), and dried porcine soluble (DPS; control), SPC and RPC (phase 2). An ileal digestibility trial was also conducted to compare digestibility of amino acids in the tested protein sources. In expt. II, 160 weaning pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.65${\pm}$0.35 kg) were used in a 5-week feeding trial to determine the optimal inclusion level of RPC in the diet. Treatments were control (9% SPC), and three levels of RPC instead of SPC in the diets (3, 6 and 9%). During phase 1, pigs fed SDPP showed better (p<0.05) ADG and FCR compared with those fed SPC or RPC, while there was no difference in ADFI among treatments. During phase 2, however, pigs fed DPS showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed SPC or RPC. During the total period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and FCR among treatments. The apparent ileal digestibilities of his, lys, phe, thr and met were not different among the tested protein sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of arg, ile, leu and val were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. The true ileal digestibilities of arg and leu were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP and SPC. However, that of met was higher (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. In expt. II, there were no significant differences in ADG and FCR when SPC was substituted with RPC up to 9% during the total period. In conclusion, based on our experimental results, RPC would replace SPC in the complex prestarter diet, which is somewhat cheaper than SPC.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제59권10호
• /
• pp.23.1-23.11
• /
• 2017

Background: Although soybean meal (SBM) is excellent source of protein in diets for poultry, it is sometimes inaccessible, costly and fluctuates in supply. The SBM can partially be replaced by full-fat SBM, but the meals prepared from raw full-fat soybean contain antinutritional factors. To avoid the risk of antinutritional factors, heat treatment is always advisable, but either excessive or under heating the soybean could negatively affect the quality. However, the potential for further improvement of SBM by supplementing with microbial enzymes has been suggested by many researchers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of birds fed on diets containing raw soybeans and supplemented with microbial protease. Methods: A $3{\times}2$ factorial, involving 3 levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS; 0, 45 or 75 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg) was used. The birds were raised in a climate-controlled room. A nitrogen-free diet was also offered to a reference group from day 19 to 24 to determine protein and amino acid flow at the terminal ileum and calculate the standardized ileal digestibility of nutrients. On days 10, 24 and 35, body weight and feed leftover were recorded to calculate the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 24, samples of ileal digesta were collected at least from two birds per replicate. Results: When RFFS was increased from 0 to 75 g/kg of diet, the content of trypsin inhibitors was increased from 1747 to 10,193 trypsin inhibitors unit (TIU)/g of diets, and feed consumption of birds was also reduced (P < 0.05). Increasing RFFS level reduced the BWG from hatch 0 to 10 d (P < 0.01) and hatch to 24 d (P < 0.05). The BWG of birds from hatch to 35 was not significantly (P = 0.07) affected. Feed intake was also reduced (P < 0.05) during 0 to 35 d. However, protease supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the BWG and FCR during 0 to 24 d. Rising levels of RFFS increased the weight of pancreas (P < 0.001) and small intestine (P < 0.001) at day 24. Except for methionine, apparent and the corresponding standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA were reduced (P < 0.01) by increasing levels of RFFS in diets. Conclusion: This study showed that some commercial SBM could be replaced by RFFS in broiler diets, without markedly compromising productivity. The AID and SID of CP and lysine were slightly improved by dietary supplementation of microbial protease.