• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.435-441
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of recreational therapy as part of Social Adult Day Care Program administered in the state of New York for the Korean American elderly living in the United States. The study was conducted in a nonequivalent control group posttest-only design from February to April, 2017. The participants included 35 subjects in the experimental group and 35 subjects in the control group; among the sample, 66 participants' data were analyzed. The average age of subjects who participated in this study was 79.4 years, and the average duration of residence in the United States was 24.6 years. Based on the study results, the recreational therapy program provided by the day care center was found to have a positive effect on the participant's daily life performances, depression and loneliness. Therefore, a variety of cultural sensitive recreational therapy program for the elderly population should be developed and operated in the future; furthermore, evidence-based research should be conducted to evaluate the effects of these programs.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.177-195
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• 2005

Tough Korean architecture and urban environment has been developed for almost 100 years, it still remains various kinds of problems. Many attempts was carried out by every new plan to reduce the problems, it result in requiring more investment than before. It means all the investment for the development has been inefficient and immature to protect economic problems compared with the developed country. For the reason of economic problems it must be studied in historical cases which influenced the economic impacts, before the proposal of index with the economic theory. Searching typical architecture or urban development that brought about economic impacts can be classified into 3 cases. First case is the impact that caused the economic growth, increase, boom like the Westminster & others and the american architectures after the economic crisis. Second case is the impacts that was the origin of decline, shrink in economic as the Palace of Versailles, the skyscrape buildings in america before the economic crisis. Third case is the impact that was the both role of increase and decline in economic as the modern architecture in industrial revolution which led to the national economic growth and the gap between the rich and the poor, and as the american architecture that was the root of crisis and the revival in economic. From the case study, it is clear that architecture has relation with economics in various factors as mass production, labour, and another industries all over the history & the world. Now, architecture strongly needed not only to raise functional, cultural effect and value, but to predict and control the economic impacts with theory from further research of historical cases to policy and practise.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.63-84
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• 2017

This paper analyzes Gloria Anzaldua's borderland proposal through her work Borderlands/La Frontera (1987). One of the strong trends of US geographical imagination started from the concept of 'city upon a hill'. It left an important footprint in the American history. In the area of international political history, it was the starting point of the isolationism policy. But, this imagination is contradictory because it has exercised the bordering power that demarcates the border and overpasses it as needed. Anzaldua's geographic proposal consists of transformation of the border into the borderlands. This is a challenge to the bordering power and a challenge to the geographical imagination that has led to isolationism, and ultimately a history war. This is not only a nationalist war aimed at the Chicano's restoration but also a war that can measure the American society's possibility of change in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.3
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• pp.275-294
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• 1987

In the United States, forest administration is a constantly changing complex of policies, programs, and management regulations. Forest administration is the product of a brief but tumultuous history during which much of the forests which once covered half the land were coutover for farms, industry, and cities. In the last 15 years, forest administration has been increasingly dominated by concerns for maintaining an ecological balance. Current forest administration is deeply rooted in the American traditions of decentralized federalism and free enterprise, yet combines state socialism and private capitalism. The major elements of U.S. forest administration consist of : 1) programs and policies on taxation, professional education and research, and "cooperative forestry", 2) state controls on forest practices for privately owned lands, and of federal policies and regulations for the management of federal lands. The federal Forest Service has played a lead role in developing and implementing national forest policies and programs. Since the end of World War II, the national forests managed by the Forest Service for multiple use have provided and ever growing fraction of domestic timber needs. In the coming decades, cultural and social trends may force a change in management policy on federal land, reducing the importance of timber harvesting in relation to amenity values.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-170
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• 2016

This study has identified the current status and challenges to development of Korean Ethnic Media Companies in North America, China, and Australia New Zealand and aimed to understand implication of cultural policy. It examines the media circumstances, business resources of Korean Ethnic Media Companies(KEMC), and Korean ethnic broadcasting aid project which is operated for 10 years, and interviewed nine CEOs' of KEMC. According to the analysis, KEMCs in North America are in the market which is fully exposed to competition. China's KEMCs are the "limitedly localized market" which is supported by the government's regulatory for minority media. Australia & New Zealande's KEMCs are the market which potential growth is expected. North American KEMCs are needed to upgrade the business structure and organizational resources for content differentiation. China's KEMCs have to diversify financial resources and to consolidate content power. and Australia & New Zealande's KEMCs need support & cooperatation from home country for ensuring high-quality content.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.78
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• pp.206-242
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• 2016

This study dealt with the U.S. government's book translation project as a part of its public diplomacy to gain the Korean people's 'minds and thoughts' in the midst of cultural Cold War from the end of World War II to the late 1950s. It was found that the U.S. book translation project was begun during the U.S. military occupation of South Korea, though with minimum efforts, and reached its peak in the late 1950s, In general, the purposes of the U.S. book translation project in South Korea was as follows: to emphasize the supremacy of American political and economic systems; to criticize the irrationality of communism and conflicts in the communist societies; to increase the Korean people's understanding of the U.S. foreign policies; to publicize the achievement of the U.S. people in the areas of arts, literature, and sciences. In the selection of books for translation, any ones were excluded which might contradict to U.S. foreign policy or impair U.S. images abroad. It must be noted that publications of a few Korean writers' books were supported by the project, if they were thought to be in service for its purposes. Even some Japanese books, which were produced by the U.S. book translation project in Japan, were utilized for the best effects of the project in South Korea. It may be conceded that the U.S. book translation project contributed a little bit to the compensation for the dearth of knowledge and information in South Korea at that time. However, the project may have distorted the Korean people's perspectives toward the U.S. and world, owing to the book selection in accordance with the U.S. government's policy guidance.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.2 s.119
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• pp.258-279
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• 2007

Culture and art are emerging as main components in the creative economy to enhance the competitiveness of urban centres in the global market by nurturing cultural or artistic industries. A range of research exists which investigates the role of artists and art museums in the process of urban regeneration in Northern American and Western European countries. Yet research into the geography of at galleries acting as an intermediary between art works and cultural consumers remain rare. Empirical research on gentrification and urban regeneration and their connection with spaces for cultural consumption in Asian cities is even less common. The aim of this paper is to show the rise and decline of art galleries in Seoul and the way that this reflects urban development process, historically specific conditions and the characteristics of artists' communities. The background of the locational agglomeration of an galleries is examined in connection with the human ecology of artists, art business and its implication for the global market. The location of art galleries in Seoul seems to be affected by commercial art business and public policy, rather than by artists communities embedded in local areas. The location dynamics of art gallery clusters in Seoul is examined in the context of rent increases, changes of consumers' taste and fluctuating market cycles.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.265-289
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• 2018

The word culture itself is very difficult to define. Therefore, in order to confine its meaning, many scholars prefer to attach different prefixes such as inter-, bi-, multi-, cross-, pluri-, trans-, in front of the adjective cultural instead of defining the word culture itself. These prefixes have been used along with about thirty various nouns, ranging from adaptability to training. In this paper, we focused on the adjective intercultural. In fact, this adjective has been widely used, not only in education but also in the communication and philosophy sectors among the world academia discourse. Intercultural Education appeared in America in the 1930s and also in the 1970s in Europe, in order to improve relations between immigrants and the people who received them. Intercultural communication arose in America as a cultural education program for American diplomats and professionals, while interculturalism appeared in the 1970s in Canada as a policy in opposition to multiculturalism. Intercultural philosophy started in 1990s Germany as philosophical speculation against Eurocentrism. As such, the adjective intercultural has been used with a combination of diverse nouns. In regards to this, one can ask the following questions: did the scholars have any kind of agreement during their discussions? Did they communicate and make a positive impact on each other? If not, how can we interpret their common use of the word intercultural? To answer these questions, we tried to compare fives types of intercultural waves of the 20th century, paying particular attention to their time periods, places and backgrounds of appearance, their emphases and shortcomings. Following our research, we found that intercultural waves in the 20th Century have developed independently despite their common use of the word intercultural. Therefore, we concluded that the use of same word intercultural was the result of humankind's effort to approach cultural differences in a positive way in the global village created by internationalization and globalization of the 20th century.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.85-112
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• 2017

Donald Trump, the $45^{th}$ president of the United States, has revived the 'English Only' policy since the beginning of his presidential campaign. The monolingualism not only underscores his extremely conservative ideas, but it also reflects the nativist tendency that prevents the demographic and cultural transformation of the US, which is accelerated by globalization and transnational migration. In particular, Donald Trump tries to reconfirm the mainstream American culture that is now thought to have been threatened by Hispanization and the growing number of Spanish speakers. This paper examines the effects of "code-switching" and the possibility of a bilingual community by contrasting Donald Trump with Gloria $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$, one of the representative Latina writers who created a "border language." Borderlands/La Frontera (1987) includes Spanish glossaries and expressions to represent her bilingual realities, while attempting to translate from English to Spanish, and vice versa. However, the text occasionally demonstrates the impossibility of translation. In doing so, $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$ indirectly states that it is indispensable to present both languages at the stage; she also invites monolingual readers to make more efforts to learn and better understand the Other's language. A "border language" she attempts to embody throughout the text is created in the process of encounters, conflicts, and negotiations among languages of different ethnicities, classes and generations. It does not signify an established form: rather it appears as a constantly transforming language, which can provide us with new perspectives and an alternative way of communication beyond monolingualism.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.399-406
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• 2017

Contrary to the fact that the old films contain artistic and include contemporary literature, religion, and philosophy, latest films are produced with focusing on external interesting composition and sensational scene. A good movie emotionally express the directors' topic message exuding from an interesting story, and empathize with the social agenda which shows a sharp look of the directors' on contemporary social aspect. In the movies of the Coen brothers, it seems like an entertainment movie as typical black comedy genre through irony and happening, but in fact, it inserts a lot of social problems in the film to show that they cynically express their social agenda from a contemplative view. In their movie "The Big Lebowski (1998)", it seems like they are creating comical content through the main characters' unaffected attitude. However, it is director's excellent director of the sub-text that expresses American social issues such as Vietnam war, post-modernism and an obscurantist policy and au fond the comedy about the historical facts of mass production of social maladjustment into black comedy. We expect to contribute to make a step forward in the Korea film industry by analyzing such movies that has the cultural power of influence.