• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.980-989
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 아마란스 잎의 식품학적 가치를 향상시키고, 기능성 쌈 채소로의 육성과 활용에 기초자료를 제공하고자 국내에서 재배된 아마란스 Amaranthus cruentus와 Amaranthus hypochondriacus 어린잎의 영양성분을 비교 조사하였다. 아마란스 두 종류의 일반성분은 수분이 대부분을 차지하였으며, A. hypochondriacus보다 A. cruentus의 수분 함량이 더 높았다. 반면 A. hypochondriacus 잎의 조회분, 조단백, 조지방, 탄수화물 및 식이섬유 함량이 A. cruentus 잎보다 높았다. 아마란스 잎의 주요 유리당은 fructose와 glucose로 확인되었으며, fructose는 A. hypochondriacus의 잎에서, glucose는 A. cruentus의 잎에서 더 높게 측정되었다. 유기산은 succinic acid를 제외한 acetic, malic, fumaric acid가 검출되었으며, 아미노산은 methionine과 proline, tyrosine을 제외한 총 17가지가 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 두 아마란스 잎 모두 필수 아미노산 함량보다 비필수 아미노산 함량이 더 높았으나 비필수 아미노산 중 glutamic acid의 함량이 가장 높게 함유되어 있어 이에 따른 감칠맛의 정미성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 기타 아미노산으로 다양한 생리활성을 가진 taurine과 GABA(${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid)가 다량 함유되어 있어 기능성 쌈 채소로의 역할이 기대된다. 아마란스 두 종류의 무기질은 K이 대부분을 차지하였으며, 모든 무기질은 A. cruentus보다 A. hypochondriacus에서 높았다. 아마란스 잎의 지방산은 대부분 불포화 지방산이었으며, 그중에서도 오메가-3 지방산인 linolenic acid 함량이 높은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. A. cruentus와 A. hypochondriacus 잎의 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량은 각각 $478.72{\mu}g/100g$, $474.12{\mu}g/100g$으로 측정되었으며, 비타민 B군은 $B_2$, $B_3$, $B_5$만이 검출되었고 $B_1$, $B_6$, $B_{12}$는 검출되지 않았다. 또한 A. hypochondriacus 잎에는 A. cruentus 잎보다 더 많은 양의 항산화 비타민 C와 E를 함유하고 있었다. 이상의 결과로 아마란스 잎은 품종, 재배 지역 및 환경 등에 따라 각 함량에 차이는 있으나 다양한 영양성분을 함유하고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며, 이에 따라 기능성 쌈 채소로써의 이용성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.165-165
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• 2019

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2022

This study assessed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf extracts from grain amaranths (Amaranthus spp.). Among all the extracts, the ethanol extract of Amaranthus cruentus leaves (Ar) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, including the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ORAC. In addition, Ar strongly inhibited nitric oxide production by suppressing the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 murine macrophages. HPLC analysis revealed 13 polyphenolic compounds in the leaf extracts of grain amaranth and indicated that Ar contained more rutin than the other extracts. Taken together, these results show the impact of species diversity on the phytochemical contents and bioactivities of plant extracts and suggest that the nonedible parts, such as leaves, of A. cruentus should be considered for use as crude drugs and dietary health supplements.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.570-579
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• 2018

The study investigated antioxidative properties and rectal cancer cell inhibition effect of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) cauline leaves (ACL) to produce the sausage with ACL powder (ACLP). Antioxidative effects of ACLP prepared with different stem lengths (10-45 cm) were evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, total phenol, and total flavonoid. Inhibition effect on rectal cancer cells growth was also examined with CT-26 cell. To determine appropriate ACL amounts in sausage formula, response surface methodology was used. The sausages without ACL (control) and the sausage with ACL (ACLP sausage) were the subjected to the examinations of antioxidation, growth inhibition on CT-26, and physicochemical properties (pH and water content). ACLP made from the leaf with 15 cm length stem generally showed the highest antioxidative effect through results of DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, total phenol, and total flavonoid. ACLP also showed inhibition effect on the proliferation of CT-26, depending on concentration of ACLP. The surface response model showed that 4.87 g of ACLP was optimized amount for sausage production. Physicochemical properties between optimized ACLP and control sausages were not significantly different. Higher antioxidative effect of optimized ACLP sausage extract was observed (p<0.05) in antioxidation tests than control sausage extract except for DPPH. Cell viability of CT-26 cells were higher (p<0.05) in ACLP than in control sausage extracts. These results indicate that ACLP has functional effects on antioxidation activity and growth inhibition on CT-26 cell, and thus, it should be useful as a supplement in sausage, which may some effect as ACLP itself.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.294-294
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• 2022

To date, there have been no reports on the cloning and characterization of a gene encoding SQS from Amaranthus, although there have been some reports on methods of extracting and purifying squalene from Amaranthus seeds. In this study, we monitored the expression pattern of the amaranth SQS gene in seeds at different developmental stages and in different tissues. The transcript expression pattern of the SQS gene was investigated using total RNA isolated from seeds at different stages of development. There were low levels of SQS transcripts at the early stage of seed development, and the levels remained low until the middle developmental stage. The expression of SQS increased rapidly to reach a peak at the mid-late developmental stage, and then declined dramatically. This pattern of expression was consistent with the results of RT-PCR analyses. All RNA samples generated a fragment of the expected size (183-bp). The amaranth SQS was expressed at low levels during the initial to middle stages of seed development, and its expression level increased at the mid-late development stage. Also The tissue-specific expression of amaranth SQS was determined by quantifying its mRNA in total RNA isolated from the leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of seedlings at the four- and six-leaf stages. Using qRT-PCR and RT-PCR analysis, we detected amaranth SQS transcripts in some of the tissues at the six-leaf stage, but in none of the tissues from plants at the four-leaf stage. SQS transcripts accumulated in almost equal amounts in stems and roots, while a lower level accumulated in leaves and petioles during seedling development at the four- to six-leaf stages. This study provides useful information about the molecular characterization of the SQS clone isolated from grain amaranth. A basic understanding of these characteristics will contribute to further studies on the amaranth SQS.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1986

Transections of the stem region close to the shoot apex show the occurrence of an outer, complete ring of procambium and an inner group of discrete procambial strands. From the outer ring, small, discrete vascular bundles and vascular cambium originate, while the inner group forms the discrete, medullary vascular bundles with intrafascicular cambium. Secondary thickening is essentially due to the activity of the cylinder or complete ring of vascular cambium that originates from the procambium. The medullary intrafascicular cambia also form some secondary tissues. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem inwards and secondary phloem outwards as in the normal secondary thickening process. The distinctive feature, however, is perpetual discreteness of the medullary vascular bundles. No successive series of cambia or secondary vascular bundles are found.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.173-173
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated whether there is another amaranth GBSS isoform in an attempt to characterize the synthesis of amylose in the pericarp. We used I2/KI staining to analyze the temporal and spatial starch accumulation patterns during seed development. The spatiotemporal starch accumulation patterns in developing seeds were observed by staining with I2/KI. Starch granules were observed in the pericarp in the initial developmental stage (3 DAP). A few starch granules were detected in the perisperm in the early-late developmental stage (8 DAP), during which the pericarp starch contents rapidly decreased. Starch granules were distributed throughout the perisperm in the mid-late developmental stage (15 DAP). Similar results were reported for other cereal crops, including barley, rice, and sorghum. Starch granules in the pericarp are synthesized during the early seed developmental stages but are absent in mature seeds. We recently reported that starch deposits in the perisperm of developing amaranth seeds are detectable only after the initial developmental stage. Prior to this stage, the pericarp is the major site of starch deposition. A recent study suggested that GBSSII isoforms are responsible for amylose synthesis in pericarps.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.89-89
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• 2017

A gene encoding squalene synthase from grain amaranth was cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA was 1805-bp long and contained a 1248-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 416 amino acids with a molecular mass of 47.6 kDa. Southern blot analysis revealed that the A. cruentus genome contained a single copy of the gene. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences indicated that the amaranth SQS gene had 12 introns and 13 exons. All of the exons contributed to the coding sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the SQS cDNA shared high homology with those of SQSs from several other plants. It contained conserved six domains that are believed to represent crucial regions of the active site. We conducted qRT-PCR analyses to examine the expression pattern of the SQS gene in seeds at different developmental stages and in several tissues. The amaranth SQS gene was low levels of SQS transcripts at the initial stage of seed development, but the levels increased rapidly at the mid-late developmental stages before declining at the late developmental stage. These findings showed that the amaranth SQS is a late-expressed gene that is rapidly expressed at the mid-late stage of seed development. In addition, we observed that the SQS mRNA levels in stems and roots increased rapidly during the four- to six-leaf stage of development. Therefore, our results showed that the expression levels of SQS in stem and root tissues are significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. In present study provides useful information about the molecular characterization of the SQS clone isolated from grain amaranth. Finally, a basic understanding of these characteristics will contribute to further studies on the amaranth SQS.