• 소성∙가공
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.482-486
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• 2002

Sandwich sheets composed of stainless steel/aluminum/stainless steel were produced by roll cladding. In order to investigate the effect of the friction between roll and cladding sample, the lubrication condition of the roll surface was varied. Clad rolling without lubrication gave rise to a small increment of the normal strain of aluminum in the rolling direction. This experimental result was confirmed by FEM modeling. Through-thickness hardness gradients in the mid aluminum layer was successfully explained by variations of the strain state through thickness layers. FEM modeling implied that cladding without lubrication led to a large shear strain variation at the surface of aluminum layer.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.591-597
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• 2012

For heat exchanger applications, 2-ply clad materials were fabricated by rolling of aluminum (Al) and mild steel sheets. Effects of annealing temperature on interface properties, especially on inter-layer formation and softening of strain hardened mild-steel, for Al/mild steel clad materials, were investigated. To obtain optimum annealing conditions for the Al/mild steel clad materials, annealing temperature was varied from room temperature to $600^{\circ}C$. At the annealing temperature about $450^{\circ}C$, an inter-layer was formed in an island-shape at the interface of the Al/mild steel clad materials; this island expanded along the interface at higher temperature. By analyzing the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results, it was determined that the exact chemical stoichiometry for the inter-layer was that of $Fe_2Al_5$. In some samples, an X-layer was formed between the Al and the inter-layer of $Fe_2Al_5$ at high annealing temperature of around $550^{\circ}C$. The existence of an X-layer enhanced the growth of the inter-layer, which resulted in the delamination of the Al/mild-steel clad materials. Hardness tests were also performed to examine the influence of the annealing temperature on the cold deformability, which is a very important property for the deep drawing process of clad materials. The hardness value of mild steel gradually decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Especially, the value of hardness sharply decreased in the temperature range between $525^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$. From these results, we can conclude that the optimum annealing temperature is around $550^{\circ}C$ under condition of there being no X-layer creation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.2975-2981
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• 2020

Radiation damage is one of the aging important causes in nuclear reactors. Radiation damage causes changes in material properties. In this study, this effect has been evaluated and analyzed on the clad of the Tehran research reactor (TRR). A grade 6061 aluminum is used as a clad in the TRR. The MCNPX code is used to designate the most sensitive location of the reactor and calculate neutron flux distribution. Then, a software using FORTRAN language programming is developed to process the particle track (PTRAC) output file of the MCNPX code. The SRIM code is used here to calculate the rate of displacement per atom. Moreover, the SPECOMP and SPECTER codes are also applied to estimate the displacement rate and compared with the results attained using the SRIM code. The rate of displacement per atom by the SPECTER and SRIM codes have been obtained 2.54 × 10^-7 dpa/s and 2.44 × 10^-7 dpa/s (QD method), respectively. Also, the mechanical properties have been evaluated using the RCC-MRx code and have been compared with experimental results. Finally, the change in the matter specification has been analyzed as a function of time.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1997

Laser cladding is a technique for modification of metal surface. In this laser cladding experiment a metal powder feeding system was developed for more efficient laser cladding. This system can reduce processing time and be used simpler than the conventional method. The feeding of metal powder has given a rise to the process for sequential buildup of bulk rapidly solidified materials in the form of fine powder stream to the laser cladding process. The parameters of laser cladding have been investigated using this experimental equipment. Bronze on aluminum alloy and copper on aluminum alloy were experimented by using defocused beam, powder feeding system, and gas shielding. Good cladding was achieved in the range of beam travel speed of 2.25m/min. In the case of copper/aluminum and bronze/aluminum substrate, the absorption of laser beam was too high to produce low diluted clad. In the case of copper/1050 aluminum, the optimal laser cladding condition was of laser power of 2.8kW, powder feed rate of 0.31g/s and beam travel speed of 2.25m/min. In the case of bronze/aluminum the optimal condition is of laser power of 2.5kW, powder feed rate of 0.31g/s, and beam travel speed of 2.36m/min.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.225-228
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• 2003

This paper is concerned with pressure welding, which has been known as a main bonding mechanism for the cold and warm clad forming. Bonding characteristics of pressure welding between the copper and aluminum plates are experimentally investigated. Experiments are performed at the cold and warm temperature range with the variation of important factors such as magnitude of pressure, surface roughness of Cu and Al plates, and pressure holding time. It could be concluded that the bonding criterion might be given as a function of bonding pressure and surface roughness for the cold and warm temperature ranges.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.140-143
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• 1997

The present study is concerned with the hydrostatic extrusion process of copper-clad aluminium bar to investigate the basic flow characteristics. Considering the bonding mechanism of bi-metal contact surface as cold pressure welding, the normal pressure and the contact surface expansion are selected as process parameters governing the bonding condition. The critical pressure required for the bonding at the interface is obtained by solving a "local extrusion" using a slip line meyhod. A viscoplastic finite element method is used to analyze the steady state extrusion process. The boundary profile of bi-metal rod is predicted by tracking a particle path adjacent to interface surface. The variations of contact surface area and the normal pressure along the interface profile are predicted and compared to those by experiments.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2015

히트 싱크용 소재에 응용할 목적으로 단층금속과 2층금속 클래드메탈에 대해 열전도 특성에 대한 연구를 하였다. 단층시편으로는 스테인리스강과 알루미늄을 선택하였으며, 2층 금속으로는 스테인리스강과 알루미늄을 압연해서 제조한 클래드메탈을 사용하였다. 열전도도는 섬광법으로 측정한 열확산계수와 비열 및 밀도를 사용해 얻었다. 실험을 통해 얻은 측정값을 참고문헌에 보고된 자료를 사용해 얻은 계산값과 비교하였다. 단층시편의 경우, 실험을 통해 얻는 열확산계수와 열전도도는 계산값보다 작았다. 스테인리스강의 경우, 측정한 열전도도는 계산값에 비해 6% 정도 작았으며, 알루미늄의 경우 18% 정도 작았다. 반면, 2층 금속인 스테인리스강과 알루미늄의 클래드메탈은 측정한 열전도도가 계산값에 비해 55% 정도 낮게 나타났다. 섬광법으로 측정한 열전도도가 계산값보다 55% 정도 낮게 나타난 이유는 스테인리스강과 알루미늄의 사이에 존재하는 계면의 영향 때문이다. 스테인리스강과 알루미늄의 사이에 존재하는 계면은 열전도 특성을 지배하는 전자와 탄성파의 이동을 어렵게 하기 때문이다. 우수한 방열특성을 갖는 다층구조 방열모듈을 개발하기 위해서는 열전도 특성에 결정적으로 영향을 주는 계면 특성의 조절이 중요하다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2006

Today, restricted energy sources, environmental considerations and the high cost of transporting fuel have limited the number and location of available power plant sites. The pressures resulting from these conditions have tended to require the construction of long, high-capacity, high-voltage power lines. it's used to adapt to STACIR/AW(Super Thermal-resistant Aluminum alloy Conductors, aluminum-clad Invar-Reinforced) conductor for coping with these situations. STACIR/AW conductor was formed by the combination of INVAR/AW as the core for low sag and super thermal-resistant aluminum alloy conductor for current capacity increase. increase of temperature by current capacity and long span lines make the susceptible to the deterioration of thermo-mechanical properties(conductivity, tensile strength, E-modulus and twist property et al). In the present work, changes of thermo-mechanical properties with aging have been studied in STACIR/AW $410 mm^2$ conductor with forms of single wire and strand wire.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.380-387
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• 2011

Wire brushing, which is a typical surface preparation method for roll bonding, has recently been highlighted as a potentially effective method for surface nanocrystallization. In the present study, the microstructure evolution and hardness of the wire-brushed surface and roll-bonded interface of a 1050 aluminum sheet were investigated. Wire brushing formed protruded layers with a nanocrystalline structure and extremely high surface hardness. After roll bonding, the protruded layers remained as hard layers at the interface. Due to their hardness and brittleness the interface hard layers, can affect the interface bonding properties and also play an important role determining the mechanical properties of multi-layered clad sheets.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.66-71
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• 1998

The present study is concerned with the hydrostatic extrusion process of copper-clad aluminium bar to investigate the bonding conditions as well as the basic flow characteristics. Considering the bonding mechanism of bi-metal contact surface as cold pressure welding the normal pressure and the contact surface expansion are selected as process parameters governing the bonding conditions, in this study the critical normal pressure required for the local extrusion-the protrusion of virgin surfaces by the surface expansion at the interface-is obtained using a slip line method and is then used as a criteron for the bonding. A rigid plastic finite element method is used to analyze the steady state extrusion process. The interface profile of bi-metal rod is predicted by tracking the paths of two particles adja-process. The interface profile of bi-metal rod is predicted by tracking the paths of two particles adja-cent to interface surface. The contact surface area ration and the normal pressure along the interface are calculated and compared to the critical normal pressure to check bonding. It is found that the model predictions are generally in good agreement with the experimental observations. The compar-isons of the extrusion pressure and interface profile by the finite element with those by experi-ments are also given.