• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2015

Inflammation is a protective response to infection or injury. However, prolonged inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have shown that activated macrophages, inflammatory effector cells, can react to tissue insults in a polarized manner, in which their phenotypes are polarized into two major subtypes, categorized as M1 or M2. Classical M1 activation involves the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and free radicals, while M2 or alternative activation is an anti-inflammatory phenotype involved in homeostatic processes, such as wound healing, debris scavenging, and the dampening of inflammation via the production of very low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-10. As part of our ongoing effort to isolate anti-inflammatory compounds from seaweeds, we investigated the effects of phlorotannins isolated from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on macrophage polarization. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with various concentrations of the extracts, and real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed to examine the expression of polarization markers: IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ for M1 and arginase-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-${\gamma}$, found inflammatory zone-1 (Fizz-1), chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym1), and$Kr{\ddot{u}}ppel$-like factor 4 (Klf-4) for M2. The pretreatment of cells with eckol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. stolonifera ethanolic extract, potentiated the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of the macrophages. These results indicate that phlorotannins derived from E. stolonifera can be used to enrich macrophages with markers of the M2 anti-inflammatory state.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2005

The chief aim of this study is to prepare the rational alternative plan of the environmental friendly intoner design which can improve sick house syndrome of an apartment house and clarify future-development and the method proposal of use activation and point out the present problem depended to investigate development and the use actual condition of domestic environmental friendly interior materials related in-and-outside-the-country example on a foundation about the various precedence researches on environmental friendly interior materials. The study was witten at first the concept of the environmental interior design which leads environmental friendly charactenstics of material, a interior design, and construction, at the first in the conceptual definition of sick house syndrome. and then it was introduced the present condition of domestic environmental interior materials, interior design and construction and an environmental regulation and standard of in-and-outside-the-country In Conclusion, it may try to present comprehensive analysis and an expansive alternative plan.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2006

Basic rheological data of dandelion leaf concentrates were determined to predict processing aptitude and usefulness of dandelion leaf concentrates as functional food materials. Hot water and 70% ethanol extracts of dandelion leaves were concentrated at 5, 20, and 50 Brix, and their static and dynamic viscosities, and Arrhenius plots were investigated. Most concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol showed flow behaviors close to Newtonian fluid based on power law model evaluation. Apparent viscosity of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol decreased with increasing temperature. Yield stresses of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol by Herschel-Bulkley model application were 0.020-0.641 and 0.017-0.079 Pa, respectively. Activation energies of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol were $2.102-32.669{\times}10^3$ and $1.657-5.382{\times}10^3\;J/mol{\cdot}kg$ with increasing concentration, respectively. Loss modulus (G") predominated over storage modulus (G') at all applied frequencies, showing typical flow behavior of low molecular solution. G' and G" of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water slowly increased with increasing frequency compared to those of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with 70% ethanol.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권13호
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• pp.5455-5461
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• 2014

Background: Saponins are a major active component for the traditional Chinese medicine, Rubus parvifolius L., which has shown clear antitumor activities. However, the specific effects and mechanisms of saponins of Rubus parvifolius L. (SRP) remain unclear with regard to human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The aim of this study was to investigate inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induction effects of SRP in K562 cells and further elucidate its regulatory mechanisms. Materials and Methods: K562 cells were treated with different concentrations of SRP and MTT assays were performed to determine cell viability. Apoptosis induction by SRP was determined with FACS and DAPI staining analysis. Western blotting was used to detect expression of apoptosis and survival related genes. Specific inhibitors were added to confirm roles of STAT3 and AMPK pathways in SRP induction of apoptosis. Results: Our results indicated that SRP exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on the growth of K562 cells, and significantly induced apoptosis. Cleavage of pro-apoptotic proteins was dramatically increased after SRP exposure. SRP treatment also increased the activities of AMPK and JNK pathways, and inhibited the phosphorylation expression level of STAT3 in K562 cells. Inhibition of the AMPK pathway blocked the activation of JNK by SRP, indicating that SRP regulated the expression of JNK dependent oon the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of the latter significantly conferred resistance to SRP pro-apoptotic activity, suggesting involvement of the AMPK pathway in induction of apoptosis. Pretreatment with a STAT3 inhibitor also augmented SRP induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis, further confirming roles of the STAT3 pathway after SRP treatment. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that SRP induce cell apoptosis through AMPK activation and STAT3 inhibition in K562 cells. This suggests the possibility of further developing SRP as an alternative treatment option, or perhaps using it as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukemia therapy.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2018

Organoboron compounds and their derivatives are synthetically versatile building blocks because they are readily available, stable, and highly useful for potential organic transformations. Arylboronic esters are of particular interest due to their well-established synthetic methods: transition metal catalyzed borylations of aryl halides. However, the use of aryl halides as an electrophile has one serious disadvantage: formation of toxic halogenated byproducts. A promising alternative substrate to aryl halides would be phenol derivatives such as aryl ethers, esters, carbamates and sulfonates. The phenol derivatives involve several advantages: their abundance, relatively low toxicity and versatile synthetic application. However, utilization of the aryl methyl ether, which is one of the simplest phenol derivatives, remains as a challenge, as C-OMe bond activation requires high activation energy and methoxides are not good leaving groups. Nevertheless, there have been a significant recent progress on ipso-borylation of aryl methyl ether including Martin's nickel catalysis. Here, we review the current advance on the borylation of carbon-oxygen bonds of unactivated C-OMe bond in aromatic compounds.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

This study analyses characteristics of space to facilitate community centering on cases of collective houses in Japan and uses the results as basic data to activate collective houses as an alternative form of housing in our country. To identify the characteristics of space for active communities with collective living space, this study conducted a theoretical examination on collective houses and housing, derived territoriality, accessibility, comfort and safety as factors of community activation and analysed various cases, and the results are presented as follows: First, territoriality is a necessary condition for formation of community, and a confined and physical space. It indicates the proper size of a space and diverse spacial areas which meet the needs of residents with the proper size and amount of space (space which can accommodate diverse generations including women, the aged and the young, flexible space which changes according to the purposes and program, space which supports leisure and hobby activities, and space which can accommodate outsiders). Second, accessibility indicates an environment which supports residents' easy use of space. As the more accessible it is, the higher the frequency of its use, spatial factors (piloti, backyards, benches and tables) should be provided, community space should be arranged in a central or decentralized way and community living space should be made for each floor. As for exits, accessibility should be considered in every way; entrances connected with community spaces, open entrances and entrances accessible from outside or individual living spaces. Third, comfort satisfies the physical and mental needs of residents through separation of floors and flows between the community and individual spaces for privacy and formation of eco-friendly spaces including vegetable gardens, gardens and plant arrangements. Fourth, safety should be considered for a higher quality environment with psychological stability and comfort, for which the following are recommended: installation of hand-rails, removal of thresholds, spacial design for the socially weak, duplex and open type structures for community space, open stages and halls, as well as indoor and outdoor openness through the use of windows.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.5-18
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• 2024

유기물 측정지표인 화학적산소요구량(COD)은 산화율이 낮아 난분해성 유기물까지 포함한 전체 유기물질의 총량관리에 한계를 가지고 있어 보다 정확한 측정이 가능한 총유기탄소(TOC)가 측정지표로 도입되어 사용되고 있다. 폐수 내 TOC 저감을 위해서는 여러 공정들이 적용가능하나 경기도 소재의 A사를 비롯한 여러 환경업체에서는 원폐수를 먼저 희석한 후 약품처리에 의한 응집침전과정을 거치고 후단에 활성탄을 사용하여 총유기탄소를 처리하고 있는 실정이다. 현장에서는 많은 물 사용과 약품사용으로 인한 슬러지가 과다하게 발생하는 문제가 있어 이를 대체할 수 있는 방안도출이 시급한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 A사 실폐수의 TOC 저감효율 증진을 위해 두 가지 다른 방법을 적용하였다. 첫 번째 방법은 셀룰로오스 기반 유사-그래핀(CGLC)을 제조하여 현재 사용되고 있는 흡착제인 분말활성탄(PAC)의 대체가능성 평가에 관한 것이다. 첫 번째 연구를 통해서는 CGLC가 상업용 PAC보다 TOC 제거율에서 약 10% 정도의 높은 성능을 보여 수처리 현장에서 PAC의 대체 흡착제로 적용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다. 두 번째 방법은 persulfate(PS) 활성화에 의해 생성되는 황산라디칼에 의한 TOC 제거에 관한 것이다. PS 활성화를 위해 CGLC와 PAC을 사용하는 것과 폐수의 높은 온도를 이용하는 두 가지 방법을 적용하였다. PAC과 CGLC를 PS 활성화물질로 사용한 결과, TOC 제거율은 실폐수내 존재하는 과량의 염소이온에 의해 CGLC와 PAC에 의한 TOC의 흡착제거량 보다 낮게 나타났다. 그렇지만 PS 활성화를 위해 현장 폐수의 높은 수온(55~60℃)을 이용한 결과 PAC 단독, CGLC 단독 그리고 PS 활성화에 탄소계 매질을 사용한 것보다 훨씬 큰 TOC 제거능을 보였으며, PS를 0.5% 이상 주입시 24 시간 이내에 95% 이상의 TOC 제거능을 보였다. 또한 PS를 0.3% 이상 주입시 A사의 폐수 배출기준인 75 ppm 이하로 TOC 농도를 낮출 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면, 높은 온도의 원폐수에 PS만 첨가하는 간편한 공정으로도 TOC를 A사의 폐수 방류기준 이하로 처리하여 배출할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.964-973
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• 2020

Recent studies have highlighted that early enhancement of the glycolytic pathway is a mode of maintaining the proinflammatory status of immune cells. Thiamine, a wellknown co-activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a gatekeeping enzyme, shifts energy utilization of glucose from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, we hypothesized that thiamine may modulate inflammation by alleviating metabolic shifts during immune cell activation. First, using allithiamine, which showed the most potent anti-inflammatory capacity among thiamine derivatives, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of allithiamine on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and maturation process in dendritic cells. We applied the LPS-induced sepsis model to examine whether allithiamine has a protective role in hyper-inflammatory status. We observed that allithiamine attenuated tissue damage and organ dysfunction during endotoxemia, even when the treatment was given after the early cytokine release. We assessed the changes in glucose metabolites during LPS-induced dendritic cell activation and found that allithiamine significantly inhibited glucose-driven citrate accumulation. We then examined the clinical implication of regulating metabolites during sepsis by performing a tail bleeding assay upon allithiamine treatment, which expands its capacity to hamper the coagulation process. Finally, we confirmed that the role of allithiamine in metabolic regulation is critical in exerting anti-inflammatory action by demonstrating its inhibitory effect upon mitochondrial citrate transporter activity. In conclusion, thiamine could be used as an alternative approach for controlling the immune response in patients with sepsis.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

Oxidative degradation of phenol, three monochlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP; 3-chlorophenol, 3-CP; 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP), four dichlorophenols (2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,3-DCP; 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP; 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,5-DCP; 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-DCP), and two trichlorophenols (2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-TCP) was conducted with heat activated persulfate. As the number of chlorinations increased, the reaction rate also increased. The reaction rate was relatively well fitted to the zero-order kinetic model, rather than the pseudo-first order kinetic model for the reactions at 60 ℃, which can be explained by insufficient activation of the persulfate at 60 ℃, and the oxidation reaction of 2,4,6-TCP at 70 ℃ was relatively well fitted to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The oxidation reaction rate generally increased with increase of persulfate concentration in the solution. 2,6-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione was found as a degradation product in a GC/MS analysis. This compound is a non-aromatic compound, and one chlorine was removed. This result is similar to the result of previous studies. The current study proved that heat activated persulfate activation could be an alternative remediation technology for phenol and chlorophenols in soil and groundwater.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2018

Biomass waste-derived carbon is an attractive alternative with environmental benignity to obtain carbon material. In this study, we prepare carbon from coffee grounds as a biomass precursor using a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method through physical activation using only steam. The coffee-derived carbon, having a micropore-rich structure and a low extent of graphitization of disordered carbon, is developed and directly applied to lithium-ion battery anode material. Compared with the introduction of the Ketjenblack (KB) conducting agent (i.e., coffee-derived carbon with KB), the coffee-derived carbon itself achieves a reversible capacity of ~200 mAh/g (0.54 lithium per 6 carbons) at a current density of 100 mA/g after 100 cycles, along with excellent cycle stability. The origin of highly reversible lithium storage is attributed to the consistent diffusion-controlled intercalation/de-intercalation reaction in cycle life, which suggests that the bulk diffusion of lithium is favorable in the coffee-derived carbon itself, in the absence of a conducting agent. This study presents the preparation of carbon material through physical activation without the use of chemical activation agents and demonstrates an application of coffee-derived carbon in energy storage devices.