• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.401-412
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• 2016

It is extremely difficult to apply conventional grouting methods to subsea tunnelling construction in the high water pressure condition. In such a condition, the rapid artificial freezing method can be an alternative to grouting to form a watertight zone around freezing pipes. For a proper design of the artificial freezing method, the influence of salinity on the freezing process has to be considered. However, there are few domestic tunnel construction that adopted the artificial freezing method, and influential factors on the freezing of the soil are not clearly identified. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments were performed to identify the physical characteristics of frozen soil. Thermal conductivity of the frozen and unfrozen soil samples was measured through the thermal sensor adopting transient hot-wire method. Moreover, a lab-scale freezing chamber was devised to simulate freezing process of silica sand with consideration of the salinity of pore-water. The temperature in the silica sand sample was measured during the freezing process to evaluate the effect of pore-water salinity on the frozen rate that is one of the key parameters in designing the artificial freezing method in subsea tunnelling. In case of unfrozen soil, the soil samples saturated with fresh water (salinity of 0%) and brine water (salinity of 3.5%) showed a similar value of thermal conductivity. However, the frozen soil sample saturated with brine water led to the thermal conductivity notably higher than that of fresh water, which corresponds to the fact that the freezing rate of brine water was greater than that of fresh water in the freezing chamber test.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2011

The test results of high-strength concrete beam specimens, which have various combinations of different types of flexural reinforcement and short fibers, were compared with the prediction results of codes, guidelines and models proposed by researchers. The theoretical calculation based on the ultimate strength method of the KCI and ACI Code underestimated the ultimate moments of FRP bar-reinforced beams without fibers. The models proposed by ACI 544.4R and Campione predicted the ultimate moment capacities inaccurately for the FRP bar-reinforced beam with steel fibers, because these models do not consider the increased ultimate compressive strain of fiber reinforced concrete. Bischoff's deflection model predicted the service load deflections reasonably well, while the deflection model of ACI Committee 440 underestimated the deflection of FRP bar-reinforced beams. Because the ACI 440 expression, used to predict member deflection, cannot directly apply to the beams reinforced with different types of reinforcing bars, an alternative method to estimate the deflections of beams with different types of reinforcing bars using the ACI 440 expression was proposed. In addition, Bischoff's approach for computing deflection was extended to include deflection after yielding of the steel reinforcement in the beams reinforced with steel and FRP bars simultaneously.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.319-328
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• 2016

Objectives: Advancements in nanotechnology have led to nanoparticle (NP) use in various fields of medicine. Although the potential of NPs is promising, the lack of documented evidence on the toxicological effects of NPs is concerning. A few studies have documented that homeopathy uses NPs. Unfortunately, very few sound scientific studies have explored the toxic effects of homeopathic drugs. Citing this lack of high-quality scientific evidence, regulatory agencies have been reluctant to endorse homeopathic treatment as an alternative or adjunct treatment. This study aimed to enhance our insight into the impact of commercially-available homeopathic drugs, to study the presence of NPs in those drugs and any deleterious effects they might have, and to determine the distribution pattern of NPs in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Methods: Homeopathic dilutions were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). For the toxicity assessment on Zebrafish, embryos were exposed to a test solution from 4 - 6 hours post-fertilization, and embryos/larvae were assessed up to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf ) for viability and morphology. Toxicity was recorded in terms of mortality, hatching delay, phenotypic defects and metal accumulation. Around 5 dpf was found to be the optimum developmental stage for evaluation. Results: The present study aimed to conclusively prove the presence of NPs in all high dilutions of homeopathic drugs. Embryonic zebrafish were exposed to three homeopathic drugs with two potencies (30CH, 200CH) during early embryogenesis. The resulting morphological and cellular responses were observed. Exposure to these potencies produced no visibly significant malformations, pericardial edema, and mortality and no necrotic and apoptotic cellular death. Conclusion: Our findings clearly demonstrate that no toxic effects were observed for these three homeopathic drugs at the potencies and exposure times used in this study. The embryonic zebrafish model is recommended as a well-established method for rapidly assessing the toxicity of homeopathic drugs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1527-1527
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• 2001

Glucose, fructose and sucrose being the main sugars that can be found in natural fruit juice. Many instrumental methods, such as GC, LC, electrochemical or spectrometric methods provide information about both the total content of sugars and the specific concentration of each carbohydrate[1]. The simplicity of sample handling and measurement in the near IR(NIR) wavelength region, which allows the use of long pathlength, optical glass cells and optical fibers, makes NIR a good alternative for sugar determination [2]. In the present study, six varieties of persian grapes were harvested at intervals through august to october and analysed for sugars by NIR. The results were processed by principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Sample juice was prepared by squeezing through gauze from crashed grape. This solution was treated by zinc ferrocyanide prior to analysis in order to eliminate colored compounds and all optically active nonsugar substances. For glucose and fructose the most characteristic wavelengths were 1456nm corresponding to the first harmonic O-H stretching and the second at 2062nm corresponding to O-H stretching and deformation; secondary characteristic combination bands were also seen at 2265 nm (O-H and C-C stretching) and at 2240 nm (C-H and C-C stretching). However these spectra were taken over a wavelength range from 1100-2500nm at room temperature of 25-$30^{\circ}C$. To test the accuracy of the described procedure, samples of six varieties of grape were analysed by the proposed NIR and a standard method[2]. Good agreement were found between these two sets of the results. To perform the recovery studies , samples of grape juices previously analysed by the proposed method, were spiked with known amounts of each individual sugars and then analysed again. Relative standard deviations varied from 1.4 to 1.8% for six independent measurements of individual and total sugar concentration. In the analysis of real and synthetic samples, precise and accurate results were obtained , providing accuracy errors lower than 1.9% in all cases. Average recoveries of ${97}{\pm}{4%}$ for total sugar and between ${95}{\pm}{5%}$ and ${99}{\pm}{2%}$ for sing1e sugars demonstrate the applicability of the methodology developed to the direct analysis of grape Juice.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.595-605
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• 2012

Various methods for measuring strabismus have been developed and used in clinical diagnosis. However, most of them are based on the visual inspection by clinicians. For this reason, there is a high possibility of subjective evaluation in clinical decisions and they are only useful for cooperative patients. Therefore, the development of a more objective and reproducible method for measuring strabismus is needed. In this paper, we introduce a new software to complement the limitations of previous diagnostic methods. Firstly, we simply obtained facial images of patients and performed several preprocessing steps based on the spherical RGB color model with them. Then, the measurement of strabismus was performed automatically by using our 3D eye model and mathematical algorithm. To evaluate the validity of our software, we performed statistical correlation analysis of the results of the proposed method and the Krimsky test by two clinicians for ten patients. The coefficients of correlation for two clinicians were very high, 0.955 and 0.969, respectively. The coefficient of correlation between two clinicians also showed 0.968. We found a statistically significant correlation between two methods from our results. The newly developed software showed a possibility that it can be used as an alternative or effective assistant tool of previous diagnostic methods for strabismus.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.736-751
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• 2008

Although a growing number of studies have commonly used a simple areal weighting interpolation method to quantify demographic characteristics of impacted areas in environmental equity analysis, the results obtained are inevitably imprecise because of the method's unrealistic assumption that population is evenly distributed within a census enumeration unit. Two alternative areal interpolation methods such as intelligent areal weighting and regression methods can account for the distributional biases in the estimation of impacted populations by making use of additional information about the geographic distribution of population. This research explores five areal interpolation methods for estimating the population characteristics of impacted areas in environmental equity analysis and evaluates the sensitivity of the outcomes of environmental equity analysis to areal interpolation methods. This study used GIS techniques to allow areal interpolation to be informed by the distribution of land cover types, as inferred from a satellite image. in both the source and target units. Independent samples t-test statistics were measured to verify the environmental equity hypothesis while coefficients of variation were calculated to compare the relative variability and consistency in the socioeconomic characteristics of populations at risk over different areal interpolation methods. Results show that the outcomes of environmental equity analysis in the study area are not sensitive to the areal interpolation methods used in estimating affected populations, but the population estimates within the impacted areas are largely variable as different areal interpolation methods are used. This implies that the use of different areal interpolation methods may to some degree alter the statistical results of environmental equity analysis.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.277-292
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• 2017

The development impact fee (DIF) zoning is a very beneficial public tool to provide the pre-planned urban infrastructures in those areas where significant urban sprawl had already taken place. In order to guarantee its benefit, however, it is required to designate the zone boundaries accurately and consistently. This study, in this context, tries to test the validity of the 50m-grid suggested in the official DIF manual, and to compare an alternative Hot Spot Analysis tool with the existing Spatial Aggregation method in configuring the zone boundaries. The results indicate that, unlike the case of population growth rate, current 50m grid size could not be much adequate in the case of using the development-permit increase rate to configure the primary DIF zones. Also, the optimal grid sizes seem to differ in the cases of Spatial Aggregation and Hot Spot Analysis. Further extended studies, in this regard, seem necessary to check the validity of the existing grid-size criteria as well as the boundary configuration methods.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2006

Pythium blight caused by Pythium spp. is one of major diseases in putting green of golf course. In this study, microorganisms which are anatgonistic to Pythium aphanidermatum, a pathogen of pythium blight, were selected primary through in vitro tests, dual culture method and triple layer agar diffusion method. In vivo test against pythium blight were conducted to select the best candidate biocontrol microorganism by pot experiment in a plastic house. Bacillus subtilis GB-0365 was finally selected as a biocontrol agent against pythium blight. Relative Performance Indies(RPI) was used as a criterion of selecting potential biocontrol agent. B. subtilis GB-0365 showed resistance to major synthetic agrochemicals used in golf course. Alternative application of synthetic agrochemicals and B. subtilis GB-0365 was most effective to successfully contol pythium blight. B. subtilis GB-0365 suppressed the development of pythium bight of bentgrass by 56.4% as compared to non-treated control and its disease control efficacy was 60.9% of a synthetic fungicide Oxapro(WP) efficacy. B. subtilis GB-0365 has a potential to be a biocontrol agent for control of pythium blight.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5519-5525
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Thai women after breast cancer. Currently, the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is the recommended procedure for cervical cancer screening in Thailand, but only a relatively small percentage of women follow this screening program. An alternative method to detect HPV genotypes associated with cervical cancer is self-sampling of urine, which is a more widely accepted method. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV in Thai women using urine and cervical swabs and prevalence of HPV in Thai men using urine samples. Materials and Methods: Tumorigenic HPV detection was accomplished by electrochemical DNA chip and PCR/direct sequencing. In addition to HPV prevalence, we report the concordance between different methods and sample types. One-hundred and sixteen women and 100 men were recruited. Histological examination revealed normal cytology in 52 women, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 9, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 24, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in 31. One-hundred men were classified as heterosexuals (n=45) and homosexuals (n=55). Results: The most prevalent HPV genotype in our study was HPV16. The HPV detection rate was generally lower in urine samples compared with cervical samples. Overall, there was good agreement for the detection of carcinogenic HPV from female cervical samples between the DNA chip and PCR/sequencing, with 88.8% total agreement and a kappa value of 0.76. In male urine samples, the level of agreement was higher in heterosexuals compared with homosexuals. Conclusions: Further improvement is required to increase an overall yield of HPV DNA detection in urine samples before clinical application of a urine-based HPV screening program. The electrochemical DNA chip test is a promising technique for carcinogenic HPV detection.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.3 s.52
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• pp.245-251
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• 2005

Safety is one of the key issue in the regulation of cosmetics. Cosmetic Act deals with it in Korea. The guidance for the testing cosmetic ingredients and their safety evaluation are prepared by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Ultraviolet radiation could Induce skin damage, edema, erythema, photoaging, immune dysfunction and skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation is classified as Group 2A(probably carcinogenic to humans) by International Agenry for Reaserch on Cancer(IARC). The in vitro methodologies for evaluating the toxic potential of ingredients reported in the literature have not yet been sufficiently validated for use in areas other than the study for mutagenicity/genotoxicity, for pre-screening for severe irritancy, for screening of phototoxicity and for evaluating the percutaneous absorption. The 3T3 neutral red uptake photoxicity test (3T3 NRU PT) was accepted as OECD toxicity guideline in 2002. The 3T3 NRU PT is an in vitro method based on a comparison of the cytotoxicitv of a chemical when tested in the presence and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/visible light.