• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.199-212
• /
• 2021

The Sebyeonggwan Hall (National Treasure No. 305) is located on the Naval Headquarter of Three Provinces in Tongyeong, and it has partly undergone with several rebuilding, remodeling, repairing and restorations since it's the first establishment in Joseon Dynasty (AD 1605) of ancient Korea. This study focuses on 50 foundation stones that comprise the Sebyeonggwan. These stones are made of six rock types and currently have various shapes of the surface damages. As the foundation stones, the dominant rock type was dacitic lapilli tuffs, and provenance-based interpretation was performed to supply alternative stones for conservation. Most of the provenance rocks for foundation stones showed highly homogeneity with their corresponding stones of petrography, mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility. According to surface deterioration assessments, the most serious damages of the stones were blistering and scaling. The deterioration mechanism was identified through the analysis of inorganic contaminants, and the primary reason is considered salt weathering caused by sea breeze and other combined circumstances. Based on the mechanical durability of the stones, there was no foundation stone that required the replacement of its members attributed to the degradation of the rock properties, but conservation treatment is considered necessary to delay superficial damage. The foundation stones are characterized by a combined outcome of multiple petrological factors that caused physical damage to surfaces and internal defects. Therefore, it's required to diagnosis and monitoring the Sebyeonggwan regularly for long-term preservation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.813-820
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to develop patties with quality characteristics using mealworm powder, followed by assessments of general compositions and the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels of the patties. An analysis of the chromaticity of the patties shows that the lightness and yellowness were decreased, whereas the redness was increased, as the amount of mealworm powder was increased. According to the sensory evaluation, the mealworm patty that contain 20% of mealworm powder (M20) showed an overall high preference level. In terms of the mechanical properties, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly increased, whereas the springiness and cohesivensee were decreased, as the amount of mealworm powder was increased. The general composition of the M20 consists of 41.84% (moisture), 8.78% (carbohydrates), 34.42% (crude protein), 13.15% (crude fats), and 1.81% (crude ash). The BCAA contents (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) significantly increased in correspondence with the increases of the as mealworm-powder amount regarding the M20, the BCAA composition consists of the following: leucine (2,906.25 mg/100 g), isoleucine (1,459.09 mg/100 g), and valine (1,813.18 mg/100g). The conclusion of this study suggests that mealworm is a potential food material that could possibly replace meat.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.169-190
• /
• 2014

This research aims to provide alternative policy guidelines and suggestions to enhance reading culture in the country. Analyzing "Reading Culture Promotion Act", which is the keystone legal frame to promote readership in Korea, followed by major foreign policies, this study identified three main policy areas including 'Reading infrastructure', 'Tax support', and 'Public Campaign'. In addition, the study conducted Delphi survey of experts' assessments of how much is the recognition of, contribution to, pubic support of, and actual applicability to the reading promotion for the readers. Through the survey along with the Focus Group Interviews of different age groups, this study could develop useful guidelines and suggestions to strengthen existing reading promotion policies. The findings also suggest that the society should realize that reading is not just educational purpose but 'enjoyment' itself and for that matter, the government needs more careful and active public campaigns.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2006

In the present work, life cycle assessments (LCA) of various waste-plastic recycling methods (material recycling, refused derived fuel (RDF), recycling on furnace, and pyrolytic oil production) were carried out to investigate their impacts on the environment. Six types of impacts were considered. While the impact on global warming was found to be significant, the impact on others were negligible. The impact values on the global warming caused by the material recycling, RDF, and the recycling on furnace were negative, which implied that their impacts could be noticeably reduced when waste-plastic are used as an alternative to newly drawn plastics. The pyrolytic oil production, however, showed positive value, which may be due to the carbon dioxide produced during electric power generation. The pyrolytic oil production had the largest impact on the ozone layer destruction, which was due to ozone depleting substances produced from the process itself. These results can be used as a useful data for the enhancement of waste-plastic recycling.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.8.1-8.8
• /
• 2014

Objectives An ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides is bio-pesticides, which are derived from natural sources. The interest in bio-pesticides is based on the disadvantages associated with chemical pesticides. Methods We conducted acute toxicity assessments of camphor, a major component of bio-pesticides, by using Daphnia magna (D. magna) as well as assessed the morphological abnormalities that occurred in Danio rerio (D. rerio) embryos. Results The median effective concentration of camphor on D. magna after 48 hours was $395.0{\mu}M$, and the median lethal concentration on D. rerio embryos after 96 hours was $838.6{\mu}M$. The no observed effect concentration and predicted no effect concentration of camphor on D. magna, which was more sensitive than D. rerio, were calculated as $55.2{\mu}M$ and $3.95{\mu}M$, respectively. Morphological abnormalities in D. rerio embryos exposed to camphor increased over time. Coagulation, delayed hatching, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and pigmentation of embryos mainly appeared between 24 and 48 hours. Further, symptoms of scoliosis and head edema occurred after 72 hours. In addition, bent tails, ocular defects and collapsed symptoms of fertilized embryonic tissue were observed after 96 hours. Conclusions The camphor toxicity results suggest that continuous observations on the ecosystem are necessary to monitor toxicity in areas where biological pesticides containing camphor are sprayed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.30 no.sup
• /
• pp.7.1-7.10
• /
• 2015

Objectives For successful adoption of legislation controlling registration and assessment of chemical substances, it is important to obtain sufficient toxicological experimental evidence and other related information. It is also essential to obtain a sufficient number of predicted risk and toxicity results. Particularly, methods used in predicting toxicities of chemical substances during acquisition of required data, ultimately become an economic method for future dealings with new substances. Although the need for such methods is gradually increasing, the-required information about reliability and applicability range has not been systematically provided. Methods There are various representative environmental and human toxicity models based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Here, we secured the 10 representative QSAR-based prediction models and its information that can make predictions about substances that are expected to be regulated. We used models that predict and confirm usability of the information expected to be collected and submitted according to the legislation. After collecting and evaluating each predictive model and relevant data, we prepared methods quantifying the scientific validity and reliability, which are essential conditions for using predictive models. Results We calculated predicted values for the models. Furthermore, we deduced and compared adequacies of the models using the Alternative non-testing method assessed for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Substances scoring system, and deduced the applicability domains for each model. Additionally, we calculated and compared inclusion rates of substances expected to be regulated, to confirm the applicability. Conclusions We evaluated and compared the data, adequacy, and applicability of our selected QSAR-based toxicity prediction models, and included them in a database. Based on this data, we aimed to construct a system that can be used with predicted toxicity results. Furthermore, by presenting the suitability of individual predicted results, we aimed to provide a foundation that could be used in actual assessments and regulations.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.343-349
• /
• 2012

Objective : Pedicle-based dynamic stabilization systems, in which semi-rigid rods or cords are used to restrict or control spinal segmental motion, aim to reduce or eliminate the drawbacks associated with rigid fusion. In this study, we analyzed the two-year clinical outcomes of patients treated with the NFlex (Synthes Spine, Inc.), a pedicle-based dynamic stabilization system. Methods : Five sites participated in a retrospective study of 72 consecutive patients who underwent NFlex stabilization. Of these 72 patients, 65 were available for 2-year follow-up. Patients were included based on the presence of degenerative disc disease (29 patients), degenerative spondylolisthesis (16 patients), lumbar stenosis (9 patients), adjacent segment degeneration (6 patients), and degenerative lumbar scoliosis (5 patients). The clinical outcome measures at each assessment were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to measure back pain, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to measure functional status. Radiographic assessments included evidence of instrumentation failure or screw loosening. Results : Sixty-five patients (26 men and 39 women) with a mean age of 54.5 years were included. Mean follow-up was 25.6 months. The mean VAS score improved from 8.1 preoperatively to 3.8 postoperatively, representing a 53% improvement, and the ODI score from 44.5 to 21.8, representing a 51% improvement. Improvements in pain and disability scores were statistically significant. Three implant-related complications were observed. Conclusion : Posterior pedicle-based dynamic stabilization using the NFlex system seems effective in improving pain and functional scores, with sustained clinical improvement after two years. With appropriate patient selection, it may be considered an effective alternative to rigid fusion.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.656-665
• /
• 2012

Recently, yearly production of SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) as an alternative fuel has been rapidly increasing because of the limited waste disposal, rise in oil prices and reduction of greenhouse gas emission. However, SRF using facilities are excluded from the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation because SRF using facilities are not yet included among the SCC (Source Classification Code). The purpose of this research was to estimate the emission and emission factor of SRF using facilities' PM and $NO_x$, in order to investigate whether or not they are included in the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation. The emission factors of SRF using facilities' PM and $NO_x$ are calculated as 0.216 kg/ton, and 3.970 kg/ton, and the emission was estimated based on the yearly total SRF usage of 2011. The results above was 18.7% for PM and 12.8% for $NO_x$ emissions from combustion facility (SCC2) in manufacturing industry combustion (SCC1) of CAPSS. If CAPSS estimate the emission by adding SCC on unlisted SRF in case of Boiler (SCC3) fuel, both PM and $NO_x$'s emissions would increase by 15.8% and 11.3% compare to the emissions for the existing combustion facility. As a result, emissions caused by SRF should be considered when calculating the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation. In addition, further researches to develop emission factor and improve subdivided SCC should be done in the future, for the accurate and reliable estimation of National Emission.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.448-456
• /
• 2003

The prime objective of many facial wrinkle-reduction treatments is to achieve visible improvement. Thus the visibility of before/after treatment differences is often part of an efficacy assessment. This paper investigates whether the background knowledge of the people acting as observers in such assessments is of impact on the results: e.g. the subjects themselves are familiar with their faces, skin professionals have much experience in judging skin quality, and thus both might be more sensitive to small changes. In a clinical study 44 Female subjects were regularly treated during a period of 12 weeks with one of three wrinkle-reduction methods: K, Land M (placebo). Photographs were taken before treatment and at 6 and 12 weeks. The photographs were judged by 3 types of observers:ㆍ24 Lay observers were given the 0＆6-week and the 0＆12-week photo pairs of all subjects to indicate the one with the least wrinkles in a two-alternative forced-choice (TAFC) procedure.ㆍThe subjects themselves were given the 0＆6-weel and the 0＆12-week pair of their own photos (8 replications) to indicate the photo with the least wrinkles (TAFC).ㆍA trained panel of skin professionals (N=3) each gave 9-point Fitzpatrick wrinkle-severity scores for all individual 0-week and 12-week photos. We found that the lay observers perceived the same differences as the subjects themselves: significant improvements after 12 weeks for treatment K (p<0.0005 and p=0.005, respectively), no visible effects for treatments Land M, and, most importantly, a significant difference between treatments K and M/placebo (p=0.02 and p=0.04, respectively). Also the trained panel found this difference between K and M (p=0.013), but here it was due to a significant deterioration over time of the 'placebo-treated' wrinkles (M, p=0.03). Thus in conclusion we have found no indications that extra knowledge - in the form of familiarity with the own face or in the form of professional training - results in the identification of more treatments that show significantly visible wrinkle-reduction.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.337-349
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare and analyze the peri-implant tissue conditions and prospective clinical outcomes associated with 2 types of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants: (1) fully HA-coated implants and (2) partially HA-coated implants with resorbable blast medium on the coronal portion of the threads. Methods: Forty-four partially edentulous patients were randomly assigned to undergo the placement of 62 HA-coated implants, and were classified as the control group (partially HA-coated, n=30) and the test group (fully HA-coated, n=32). All patients had chronic periodontitis with moderate crestal bone loss around the edentulous area. The stability and clinical outcomes of the implants were evaluated using the primary and secondary implant stability quotient (ISQ), as well as radiographic, mobility, and peri-implant soft tissue assessments around the implants. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann-Whitney test were used to evaluate differences between and within the 2 groups, with P values <0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The fully HA-coated implants displayed good retention of crestal bone, and insignificant differences were found in annual marginal bone loss between the 2 types of HA-coated implants (P>0.05). No significant differences were found in the survival rate (group I, 100%; group II, 100%) or the success rate (group I, 93.3%; group II, 93.8%). The fully HA-coated implants also did not significantly increase the risk of peri-implantitis (P>0.05). Conclusions: The fully HA-coated implants did not lead to an increased risk of peri-implantitis and showed good retention of the crestal bone, as well as good survival and success rates. Our study suggests that fully HA-coated implants could become a reliable treatment alternative for edentulous posterior sites and are capable of providing good retention of the crestal bone.