• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.97-136
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• 2004

The Northeast Asian air cargo market has expanded tremendously as a result of the opening up of the Chinese market. The importance of the Asia-Pacific region in the global air transport has also increased. The exchange of human and material resources, services, and information in Northeast Asia, which is expected to increase in the near future, requires that the airlines operating within this region adopt a more liberalized approach. This paper introduced alternatives which can be applied to the Northeast Asian airlines industry so as to bring about the integration of regional air transport: First, this paper found a need for individual Northeast Asian nations to alter their policies towards the airlines industry. Second, each country should further liberalize their respective domestic air transport. Third, there is a need for freer air service agreements to be signed between the nations of Northeast Asia. Fourth, the strategic alliances between the airlines operating in Northeast Asia should be further strengthened. Fifth, this liberalization process should be carried out in an incremental manner, beginning with more competitive airports and routes, or with less-in-demand routes. Sixth, there is a need for a shuttle system to be put into place between the main airports in China, Korea, and Japan. Seventh, these three nations jointly develop aviation safety and security systems that are in accordance with international standards. Eighth, the liberalization process of the aviation industry should be undertaken in conjunction with other related fields. Ninth, organizations linking together civil aviation organization in the Asia-Pacific area should be formed, as should each government linking together. By doing so, these countries will be able to establish regular venues through which to exchange opinions on the integration and liberalization of the air cargo market so as to induce the gradual liberalization of the actual market. The liberalization of the air transport in Northeast Asia will prove to be a daunting task in the short term. However, if the Chinese airlines continue to exhibit continuous growth and Japanese airlines are able to complete their move towards a low-cost structure, this process could be completed earlier than expected. Over the last twenty five years the air transport has undergone tremendous changes. The most important factor behind these changes has been the increased liberalization of the market. As a result, rates have decreased while demand has increased. This has resulted in turning the air transport industry, which was long perceived as an industry in decline, into a high-growth industry. The only method of increasing regional exchanges in the air transport is to pursue further liberalization. The country which implements this liberalization process at the earliest date may very well emerge as a leading force within the air transport industry.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.2 s.79
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• pp.261-272
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• 2000

Severe skeletal anteroposterior and vertical discrepancy is difficult to obtain satisfactory result by only orthodontic treatment, and much anteroposterior movement and treatment stability require orthodontic treatment with orthognathic surgery. The treatment goal of mandibular prognathic patients is to promote the function of stomatognathic system including mastication and phonetics, to improve the esthetics of facial profile and to maintain stability. Positional changes of hyoid bone, pharynx and tongue were seen with mandibular movement after orthognathic surgery. This study was performed to observe the changes of perimandibular tissues of orthodontic patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism who treated with orthodontic treatment, and the changes of hyoid bone, pharyx and tongue by relapse or recurrance after before and after orthognathic surgery and retention. The 22 patients who had mandibular prognathism were selected. They treated with orthodontic treatment with sagittal split ramus osteotomy as orthognathic surgery. And lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken 3 times : pre-surgery (T1), immediate post-surgery (T2) and 2 years alter retention (T3). The results were as follows : 1. The hyoid bone returned back after clockwise rotation to maxilla and occlusal plane during retention (P<0.01). 2. The hyoid bone moved posterior-inferiorly by mandibular surgery and returned back anterior-superior after retention. (P<0.01) 3. The changes of pharyngeal depth showed a little decrease at upper area in post- surgery, but it was not a significant difference generally through before, after and retention. 4. In relating to tongue base, the angle of tongue base was decreased and the dorsal area of tongue base moved to inferior-posterior direction and to superior direction again after retention (P<0.01). 5. Related to the thickness of upper and lower lip, the thickness of upper lip decreased after surgery, and the soft tissues below lower lip increased after surgery and decreased after retention.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

In Korea, a resident registration card has various personal information such as a present address, a resident registration number, a face picture and a fingerprint. A plastic-type resident card currently used is easy to forge or alter and tricks of forgery grow to be high-degree as time goes on. So, whether a resident card is forged or not is difficult to judge by only an examination with the naked eye. This paper proposed an automatic recognition method of a resident card which recognizes a resident registration number by using a refined ART2-based RBF network newly proposed and authenticates a face picture by a template image matching method. The proposed method, first, extracts areas including a resident registration number and the date of issue from a resident card image by applying Sobel masking, median filtering and horizontal smearing operations to the image in turn. To improve the extraction of individual codes from extracted areas, the original image is binarized by using a high-frequency passing filter and CDM masking is applied to the binaried image fur making image information of individual codes better. Lastly, individual codes, which are targets of recognition, are extracted by applying 4-directional contour tracking algorithm to extracted areas in the binarized image. And this paper proposed a refined ART2-based RBF network to recognize individual codes, which applies ART2 as the loaming structure of the middle layer and dynamicaly adjusts a teaming rate in the teaming of the middle and the output layers by using a fuzzy control method to improve the performance of teaming. Also, for the precise judgement of forgey of a resident card, the proposed method supports a face authentication by using a face template database and a template image matching method. For performance evaluation of the proposed method, this paper maked metamorphoses of an original image of resident card such as a forgey of face picture, an addition of noise, variations of contrast variations of intensity and image blurring, and applied these images with original images to experiments. The results of experiment showed that the proposed method is excellent in the recognition of individual codes and the face authentication fur the automatic recognition of a resident card.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 1994

Since it was been reported that the depolarization-induced ACh release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the ACh release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of ACh release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-choline$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $VCm^{-1}$, 2ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $0.3{\sim}300\;{\mu}M$, decreased the ACh release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibited by $DPCPX\;(2\;{\mu}M)$, a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide $(10&30{\mu}M)$, a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked ACh-release and the basal release, and the adenosine effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. PDB $(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, increased, whereas PMB $(0.03{\sim}1\;mg)$, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the evoked ACh-release, and the adenosine effects were not affected by these agents. Nifedipine $(1\;{\mu}M)$, a $Ca^{2+}\;-channel$ blocker of dihydropyridine analogue, significantly inhibited the adenosine effect, but glibenclamide, a $K^+-channel$ blocker, did not. Finally, 8-bromo cyclic AMP $(100\;&\;300{\mu}M)$, a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, did not alter the ACh release, but adenosine effects were inhibited by pretreatment with large dose of 8-br-cAMP $(300\;{\mu}M)$. These results indicate that the decrement of the evoked ACh-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by the G-protein, and nifedipine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}-channel$ and adenylate cyclase system are coupled partly to this effect, and that protein kinase C and glibenclamide-sensitive $K{^+}-channel$ are not involved in this process.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.409-427
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• 1998

Insamjungchuntang has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The effect of Insamjungchuntang on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Insamjungchuntang on histamine and acetylcholine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig (500 g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats (200 g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10 mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5 g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) and acetylcholine (Ach) which evoked 50% of maximal response $(ED_{50})$ was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine and acetylcholine$(10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-4}\;M)$. Contractions evoked by His ($ED_{50}$) and Ach $(ED_{50})$ were inhibited significantly by Insamjungchuntang. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was $38.58\(p<0.05)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang, $90.75\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$. Insamjungchuntang and $133.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was $10.0\(p<0.05)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang, $80.71\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}/ml$ Insamjungchuntang and $118.29\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. Also, in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $45.5\(p<0.01)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ lnsamjungchuntang, and $93.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$. lnsamjungchuntang $134.50\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $37.83\(p<0.01)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ lnsamjungchuntang, $90.5\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang and $135.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. Propranolol $(10^{-7}\;M)$ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Insamjungchuntang. Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$. Insamjungchuntang fell to 46.42% in guinea pig induced by acetylcholine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 5.43% (p<0.05) in rat induced by acetylcholine contraction and the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 49.0% in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 48.6% (p<0.05) in rat induced by histamine contraction. Indomethacin and methylene blue $(10^{-7}\;M)$ did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of lnsamjungchuntang. Also, I could find the effects of lnsamjungchuntang and Insamjungchuntanggamorphine on the tracheal smooth muscle in guinea pig and rat did not change significantly. These results indicate that Insamjungchuntang can relax histamine and acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves sympathetic effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.383-388
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• 2010

Identification of natural compounds that can prevent the development of obesity in vivo is time consuming and expensive. We have used in vitro systems derived from pig adipose tissue to screen simple aqueous or ethanolic extracts of Korean medicinal herbs (KMH) for their anti-adipogenic potential. A total of 183 extracts were tested for their actions in lipogenesis of pig adipose tissue and differentiation of pig preadipocytes. Ethanol extracts were prepared from 72 and aqueous extracts were prepared from 111 medicinal herbs. Both an ethanolic and an aqueous extract were prepared from 65 of these. Thirteen extracts substantially altered rates of lipogenesis in vitro. The effects of KMH on lipogenesis of pig adipose tissue are as follows. Elevens reduced lipogenesis to rates that were more than 40% lower than control and four of these reduced rates of lipogenesis by more than 70%. The most potent anti-lipogenic extracts were those obtained in ethanol from Iridaceae and from Sophora flavescens AIT as well as both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Lysimachia vulgaris L. Two extracts, those prepared in water from Caesalpiniae lignum and from Phellodendri cortex, were found to promote rates of lipogenesis in vitro. The effects of KMH on differentiation of pig preadoipocytes are as follows. Twentyeight extracts altered the rates of differentiation of cultured porcine preadipocytes. Sixteen increased and twelve reduced the rates of differentiation of preadipocytes. Extracts prepared in ethanol from Moutan radicis cortex and from Ostericum koreanum and those prepared in water from Angelicae gigantis radix, from Inula henenium L and from Magnolia flos doubled the rate of differentiation of cultured porcine preadipocytes. Ten extracts reduced the in vitro rate of differentiation of porcine preadipocytes by more than 35%. These were the ethanolic extracts from Glycyrrizae radix, Nepetae spica and from Polygala myrtifolia and the aqueous extracts from Amaranthaceae, Asparagus cochinchinesis, Atractylodis rhizoma alba, Citrus junos TANAKA, Cyperus rotundus, Epimedium grandiflorum and from Moutan radicis cortex. Only the ethanolic extract from Polygala myrtifolia was able to both reduce lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices and retard differentiation of cultured preadipocytes. The results of our study will provide meaningful information to identify medicinal herbs which would reduce fat deposition in livestocks and humans.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

Since it has been reported that the depolarization-induced norepinephrine (NE) release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the NE release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of NE release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-norepinephrine$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $Vcm^{-1}$, 2 ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $1{\sim}30{\mu}M$, decreased the NE release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, $2{\mu}M$), a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 10 & $30{\mu}M$), a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked NE-release and the basal release, and the adenosine effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. $4{\beta}-Phorbol$ 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB, $1{\mu}M$), a specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, increased the evoked NE release, whereas polymyxin B sulfate (PMB,0.1 mg), a PKC inhibitor, decreased the release, and the adenosine effects were inhibited by these agents. Nifedipine $(1{\mu}M)$, a $Ca^{2+}-channel$ blocker of dihydropyridine analogue, did not affect the adenosine effect. Tetraethylammonium (TEA, 3 mM) increased the evoked NE release, and inhibited the adenosine effects, but glibenclamide, a ATP dependent $K^+-channel$ blocker, did not. Finally, 8-bromo cyclic AMP (100 & $300{\mu}M$), a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, did not alter the NE release, but adenosine effects were inhibited by pretreatment with 8br-cAMP. These results suggest that the decrement of the evoked NE-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by the C-protein, which is coupled to protein kinase C, adenylate cyclase system and TEA sensitive $K^+-channel$, and that nifedipine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}-channel$ and glibenclamide-sensitive $K^+-channel$ are not involved in this process.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2004

The development and proliferation of the mandibular condyle can be altered by changes in the biomechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint. The biomechanical loads were varied by feeding diets of different consistencies. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether changes of masticatory forces by feeding a soft diet can alter the trabecular bone morphology of the growing mouse mandibular condyle, by means of micro-computed tomography. Thirty-six female, 21 days old, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups. Mice in the hard-diet control group were fed standard hard rodent pellets for 8 weeks. The soft-diet group mice were given soft ground diets for 8 weeks and their lower incisors were shortened by cutting with a wire cutter twice a week to reduce incision. After 8 weeks all animals were killed after they were weighed. Following sacrifice, the right mandibular condyle was removed. High spatial resolution tomography was done with a Skyscan Micro-CT 1072. Cross-sections were scanned and three-dimensional images were reconstructed from 2D sections. Morphometric and nonmetric parameters such as bone volume(BV), bone surface(BS), total volume(TV), bone volume fraction(BV/TV), surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) were directly determined by means of the software package at the micro-CT system. From directly determined indices the trabecular number(Tb. N.) and trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) were calculated according to parallel plate model of Parfitt et al.. After micro-tomographic imaging, the samples were decalcified, dehydrated, embedded and sectioned for histological observation. The results were as follow: 1. The bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.) and trabecular number(Tb. N.) were significantly decreased in the soft-diet group compared with that of the control group (p<0.05). 2. The trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) was significantly increased in the soft-diet group(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant differences in the surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) between the soft-diet group and hard-diet control group (p>0.05). 4. Histological sections showed that the thickness of the proliferative layer and total cartilage thickness were significantly reduced in the soft-diet group.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic substances as well as microorganisms were added to infant formula in an attempt to influence the intestinal microflora with an aim to stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Over the last 10 years, new synbiotic infant formulas containing probiotics and prebiotics have been proposed in order to simulate the effect of breast-feeding on the intestinal microflora. Owing to their synergistic effect, the new synbiotics are expected to be more helpful than using probiotics and prebiotics individually. Maintenance of the viability of the probiotics during food processing and the passage through the gastrointestinal tract should be the most important consideration, since a sufficient number of bacteria ($10^8cfu/g$) should reach the intended location to have a positive effect on the host. Storage conditions and the processing technology used for the manufacture of products such as infant formula adversely affect the viability of the probiotics. When an appropriate and cost-effective microencapsulation methodology using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and substances with high biological value are developed, the quality of infant formulas would improve. The effect of probiotics may be called a double-effect, where one is an immunomodulatory effect, induced by live probiotics that advantageously alter the gastrointestinal microflora, and the other comprises anti-inflammatory responses elicited by dead cells. At present, a new terminology is required to define the dead microorganisms or crude microbial fractions that positively affect health. The term "paraprobiotics" (or ghost probiotics) has been proposed to define dead microbial cells (not damaged or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., cell extracts with complex chemical composition) that are beneficial to humans and animals when a sufficient amount is orally or topically administered. The fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants is altered when the milk-based infant formula is supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics. Thus, by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, prebiotics modify the fecal microbial composition and accordingly regulate the activity of the immune system. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on the improvement of infant formula quality such that its beneficial effects are comparable to those of human milk, using prebiotics such as inulin and oligosaccharides and potential specific probiotics such as bifidobacteria, which selectively stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the microflora and the indigenous intestinal metabolic activity of the microflora.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.63-104
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• 2011

The study examines the relationships among employee's goal orientation, IT personnel competency, personal effectiveness. The goal orientation includes learning goal orientation, performance approach goal orientation, and performance avoid goal orientation. Personal effectiveness consists of personal work satisfaction and personal work performance. In general, IT personnel competency refers to IT expert's skills, expertise, and knowledge required to perform IT activities in organizations. However, due to the advent of the internet and the generalization of IT, IT personnel competency turns out to be an important competency of technological experts as well as employees in organizations. While the competency of IT itself is important, the appropriate harmony between IT personnel's business capability and technological capability enhances the value of human resources and thus provides organizations with sustainable competitive advantages. The rapid pace of organization change places increased pressure on employees to continually update their skills and adapt their behavior to new organizational realities. This challenge raises a number of important questions concerning organizational behavior? Why do some employees display remarkable flexibility in their behavioral responses to changes in the organization, whereas others firmly resist change or experience great stress when faced with the need to alter behavior? Why do some employees continually strive to improve themselves over their life span, whereas others are content to forge through life using the same basic knowledge and skills? Why do some employees throw themselves enthusiastically into challenging tasks, whereas others avoid challenging tasks? The goal orientation proposed by organizational psychology provides at least a partial answer to these questions. Goal orientations refer to stable personally characteristics fostered by "self-theories" about the nature and development of attributes (such as intelligence, personality, abilities, and skills) people have. Self-theories are one's beliefs and goal orientations are achievement motivation revealed in seeking goals in accordance with one's beliefs. The goal orientations include learning goal orientation, performance approach goal orientation, and performance avoid goal orientation. Specifically, a learning goal orientation refers to a preference to develop the self by acquiring new skills, mastering new situations, and improving one's competence. A performance approach goal orientation refers to a preference to demonstrate and validate the adequacy of one's competence by seeking favorable judgments and avoiding negative judgments. A performance avoid goal orientation refers to a preference to avoid the disproving of one's competence and to avoid negative judgements about it, while focusing on performance. And the study also examines the moderating role of work career of employees to investigate the difference in the relationship between IT personnel competency and personal effectiveness. The study analyzes the collected data using PASW 18.0 and and PLS(Partial Least Square). The study also uses PLS bootstrapping algorithm (sample size: 500) to test research hypotheses. The result shows that the influences of both a learning goal orientation (${\beta}$ = 0.301, t = 3.822, P < 0.000) and a performance approach goal orientation (${\beta}$ = 0.224, t = 2.710, P < 0.01) on IT personnel competency are positively significant, while the influence of a performance avoid goal orientation(${\beta}$ = -0.142, t = 2.398, p < 0.05) on IT personnel competency is negatively significant. The result indicates that employees differ in their psychological and behavioral responses according to the goal orientation of employees. The result also shows that the impact of a IT personnel competency on both personal work satisfaction(${\beta}$ = 0.395, t = 4.897, P < 0.000) and personal work performance(${\beta}$ = 0.575, t = 12.800, P < 0.000) is positively significant. And the impact of personal work satisfaction(${\beta}$ = 0.148, t = 2.432, p < 0.05) on personal work performance is positively significant. Finally, the impacts of control variables (gender, age, type of industry, position, work career) on the relationships between IT personnel competency and personal effectiveness(personal work satisfaction work performance) are partly significant. In addition, the study uses PLS algorithm to find out a GoF(global criterion of goodness of fit) of the exploratory research model which includes a mediating variable, IT personnel competency. The result of analysis shows that the value of GoF is 0.45 above GoFlarge(0.36). Therefore, the research model turns out be good. In addition, the study performs a Sobel Test to find out the statistical significance of the mediating variable, IT personnel competency, which is already turned out to have the mediating effect in the research model using PLS. The result of a Sobel Test shows that the values of Z are all significant statistically (above 1.96 and below -1.96) and indicates that IT personnel competency plays a mediating role in the research model. At the present day, most employees are universally afraid of organizational changes and resistant to them in organizations in which the acceptance and learning of a new information technology or information system is particularly required. The problem is due' to increasing a feeling of uneasiness and uncertainty in improving past practices in accordance with new organizational changes. It is not always possible for employees with positive attitudes to perform their works suitable to organizational goals. Therefore, organizations need to identify what kinds of goal-oriented minds employees have, motivate them to do self-directed learning, and provide them with organizational environment to enhance positive aspects in their works. Thus, the study provides researchers and practitioners with a matter of primary interest in goal orientation and IT personnel competency, of which they have been unaware until very recently. Some academic and practical implications and limitations arisen in the course of the research, and suggestions for future research directions are also discussed.