• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2011

The safety of human exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources both at work and at home has clearly become a public health issue. To date many $in$ $vivo$ and $in$ $vitro$ studies revealed that EMF exposure can alter cellular metabolism, endocrine function, immune activity, reproductive function, and fetal development in animal system. The major parameters found to be altered in cells or individuals following EMF exposure include an increase of free radicals, DNA damage, cancer risk, developmental defect, and reproductive dysfunctions. Epidemiological studies reported EMF can increase life-threatening illnesses such as leukemia, brain cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, clinical depression, suicide, and Alzheimer's disease has been identified. These effects of EMF exposure differ according to duration of exposure, frequency of waves, and strength (energy) of EMF. In the present review, we briefly introduced the physical properties of EMF and summarized the effect of EMF on human and wildlife animals according to types of EMF, duration of exposure at cellular and organism levels.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.210-217
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• 1996

Farfarae Flos, a traditional herb medicine, has been used in Korea and China for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of Farfarae Flos on histamine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats. Guinea pigs(500g, female) were killed by CO2 exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine which evoked 50% of maximal response (ED50) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine (10-7-10-4M). Contractions evoked by histamine(ED50) were inhibited significantly by Farfarae Flos. The mean percent inhibition was 8.7% after 1.5mg/ml Farfarae Flos, and 33.5% (p<0.05) after 5.0mg/ml Farfarae Flos. Propranolol (10-7M) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Farfarae Flos. Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by 5.0mg/ml Farfarae Flos. Indomethacin and methylene blue (10-7M) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Farfarae Flos. These results indicate that Farfarae Flos can relax histamine-induced contraction of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves, in part, symphathetic nerve system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1269-1269
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• 2001

The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is one of the more important problems that have affected the economy of european cattles and the Public Safety. Their transmission is mainly through digestive system, and the compound feeds made with animal proteins are one source of infection for healthy cows. Nowadays the official method for meat and bone meal (MBM) detection in compound feeds is a microscopy technique. However, this methodology is subjective, and that alter the fact to make one exhaustive quantitative analysis and one differentiation between mammalian and poultry bones. In addition, the separation of the differents fractions in a sample by density before the analysis, requires the use of organochlorates products as $CCl_4$, which produce serious damages in the atmosphere ozone content. NIR methodology is another possible way to confirm and identifying animal ingredients in compound feeds, Its capabilities for quantitative and qualitative analysis of foods and feeds has been enought demonstrated. The objective of this work was to use NIR as a tool to make an qualitative and quantitative analysis and a prediction of the meat and bone meal presence in compound feeds from North Spain cattle farms. Using a global population of compound feeds, on make three different groups depending of MBM percentage presence (0, 0-100, 100), to build and validate one calibration equation to determine MBM content and make one discriminant analysis between these three groups. The preliminary dates obtained with another differents samples of known composition showed promising results.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2011

The premise of this study is that an ultimate objective in planning an exhibition space is visitors' experiences created by a result of their first-hand experiences and responses within an exhibition space, and this result can be recognized in the visitors' movement. Thus, the exhibition layout that can directly affects viewers' main line of flow and movement patterns was examined vis--vis a mutually complementary relation in a triangular composition with the structure of exhibition space and the exhibition contents. This study, with the subjects of standing exhibit halls of Gwacheon National Science Museum, Daejeon National Science Museum, and Tokyo National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, analyzed 'the correlation between the configuration of the exhibition area and the visitors' movement. The targeted subjects were analyzed from the perspectives of type of architectural space and organization of the exhibition method, and the purpose of this study was to find a spatial evidence to predict the spectator movement formed within the exhibition halls of science museums. The main indicators used are: Based on the investigation/analysis as described above, the following conclusion could be drawn. Diversity of exhibition environment and spectator movement: besides the two big categories of the types of architectural space and types of exhibition method, the construction of vertical circulation and size and shape of the exhibition space, distribution characteristics of exhibition medium, organization of symbolic space and such other diverse organizations and combinations of exhibition environment are implied to have the capability to alter the scope and degree of predicting spectator movement. As an example, the types of architectural space comprising the wide-area viewing circulation was found to be able to change the system of planar circulation according to the composition of vertical circulation. Along with this, it was implied that the format of architectural space influences the form of the exhibition space, and may also act as a factor directly influencing the diversity and arrangement of the exhibition methods. That is, the spatial elements comprising the exhibition environment acts inter-complexly, and exhibits characteristics of limiting or controlling spectator movement.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2005

Hepatoprotective effects of the extract of Kochiae fructus (KF), a traditional oriental medicinal plant, were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$)-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, $CCl_4,\;CCl_4$ plus methanol extract of KF (KFM-$CCl_4$), and $CCl_4$ plus butanol extract of KF (KFB-$CCl_4$) groups. KFM and KFB were orally administered once a day (200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. A mixture of 0.2 mL/100 g body weight of $CCl_4$ in olive oil was injected at 30 minutes after the final administration of KFM and KFB. The KFB pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in the serum transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase levels in the $CCl_4$-treated rats. The $CCl_4$ treatment significantly lowered the activities of glutathione, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). However, pretreatment with KFM and KFB resulted in a significant increase in the glutathione, GR and GST levels. KFB increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GSH-Px, but KFM did not alter them. Pretreatment with KFM and KFB resulted in a significant decrease in the production of aminopyrine N-demethylase in the $CCl_4$-treated rats. KF extract would appear to contribute to alleviate the adveISe effect of $CCl_4$ treatment by enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.24
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• pp.189-219
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• 1996

Information technology will inevitably and profoundly alter every aspect of university life. New information technologies are creating new patterns in the research and teaching, with networks enhancing information sharing and data transmission. The revolution in information technology requires that universities integrate information technology with their traditional missions of teaching, research, and public service. Enhanced mode of information access and changing information-seeking behaviors suggest the need for new library services. New technologies have opened up many new services options for libraries. The nature of and potential for new information services suggest that libraries should become better connected with other campus units. Some of these issues will no doubt be addressed by the a n.0, pplication of new technologies and by building campus information infrastructure. An important element of the needed change for enhancing the library information services is the integration of the libraries and computing centers. Libraries and computing centers deal with the same commodity-information and delivering information. For the sake of scholarship and research, the two must devise an integrated a n.0, pproach to delivering the common commodity. Computing centers have special skills in system development and telecommunications. Libraries have good human interface skills and skills for organizing knowledge. Together they could be a particularly productive team. Noting this, some universities have created new information service units which unify the present-day computing, library and telecommunication functions. Existing models range from true merging to situations where some cooperative activities are being conducted. The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction in developing of information services in academic libraries by examining the changing information environment and trends of integrating libraries and computing centers. This paper inquires into the changing information environment, the impact of imformation technology on universities and libraries, some casses of integration of academic libraries and computing centers, and effects of integration of two and suggests the developing direction of information services in academic libraries.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

Embryonic stem (ES) cells, derived from preimplantation embryo, are able to differentiate into various types of cells consisting the whole body, or pluripotency. In contrast, terminally differentiated cells do not usually alter their nature but frequently die or transform if they are exposed to inappropriate external stimulations. In addition to the plasticity, ES cells are expected to be different from terminally differentiated cells in very many ways, such as patterns of gene expressions, ability and response of the cells in confronting environmental stimulations, metabolism, and growth rate. As a model system to differentiate these two types of cells, human ES cells (MB03) and terminally differentiated cells (HeLa), we examined the ability of these two types of cells in confronting a severe oxidative insult, that is $H_2O$$_2$. Approximately 1$\times$10$^4$ cells were plated in 96 well plate and serum starved for overnight. The conditioned cells were exposed to a various concentration of $H_2O$$_2$ fur 24 hrs and loaded with neutral red (50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) for 4 hrs, washed with PBS for 2 min three times, and entrapped dye was dissolved out using acetic ethanol. Cytotoxicity was determined by reading the amount of dye in the medium using microplate reader. equipped with 575 nm filter. Relative amount of the dye entrapped within MB03 or HeLa were not significantly different when cells were exposed up to 0.4 mM $H_2O$$_2$. However, this sharply decreased down to 0.12% in HeLa cells when the cells were exposed to 0.8 mM $H_2O$$_2$, while it was approximately 54% in MB03 suggesting that this concentration of $H_2O$$_2$ is the defensive threshold for HeLa cells. The resistance to oxidative stimulation reversed, however, when cells were co-treated with BSO (L-buthionine- 〔S, R〕-sulfoximine) which chelates intracellular GSH. This result suggests that cellular GSH is the major defensive mechanism of human ES cells. Induction of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and type of cell death is currently being studied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1529-1535
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• 2000

The aim of the present study was to determine whether brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and a new peptide, urocortin (UCN) have a direct action in brain mechanisms controlling feed, water and salt intake in sheep. We gave a continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the peptide at a small dose of $5{\mu}g/0.2ml/hr$ for 98.5 hrs from day 1 to day 5 in sheep not exposed to stress. Feed and water intake during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN decreased significantly compared to those during artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion. NaCl intake during infusion of CRF or UCN was the same as that during CSF infusion. Mean carotid arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN were not significantly different from that during CSF infusion. On the other hand, the plasma glucose concentration during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN tended to be higher than that during CSF infusion. These observations indicate that decreased feed intake induced by CRF and UCN infusion is not mediated by the activation of both the pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that brain CRF and UCN act directly in brain mechanisms controlling ingestive behavior to decrease feed and water intake, but do not alter salt intake in sheep.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

Background: Nefopam has shown an analgesic effect on acute pain including postoperative pain. The reuptake of monoamines including serotonin and noradrenaline has been proposed as the mechanism of the analgesic action of nefopam, but it remains unclear. Although alpha-adrenergic agents are being widely used in the perioperative period, the role of noradrenergic modulation in the analgesic effect of nefopam has not been fully addressed. Methods: Changes in the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal (i.t.) nefopam against formalin-elicited flinching responses were explored in Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with i.t. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which depletes spinal noradrenaline. In addition, antagonism to the effect of nefopam by prazosin and yohimbine was evaluated to further elucidate the antinociceptive mechanism of i.t. nefopam. Results: Pretreatment with i.t. 6-OHDA alone did not alter the flinching responses in either phase of the formalin test, while it attenuated the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam significantly during phase 1, but not phase 2. The antagonist of the alpha-2 receptor, but not the alpha-1 receptor, reduced partially, but significantly, the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam during phase 1, but not during phase 2. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that spinal noradrenergic modulation plays an important role in the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam against formalin-elicited acute initial pain, but not facilitated pain, and this action involves the spinal alpha-2 but not the alpha-1 receptor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.549-557
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• 2016

Aphids are a large group of hemipteran pests that affect the physiology, growth, and development of plants by using piercing mouthparts to consume fluids from the host. Based an recent data, aphids modulate the microbiomes of plants and thereby affect the overall outcome of the biological interaction. However, in a few reports, aboveground aphids manipulate the metabolism of the host and facilitate infestations by rhizosphere bacteria (rhizobacteria). In this study, we evaluated whether aphids alter the plant resistance that is mediated by the bacterial community of the root system. The rhizobacteria were affected by aphid infestation of pepper, and a large population of gram-positive bacteria was detected. Notably, Paenibacillus spp. were the unique gram-positive bacteria to respond to changes induced by the aphids. Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 was used as a rhizobacterium model to assess the recruitment of bacteria to the rhizosphere by the phloem-sucking of aphids and to test the effect of P. polymyxa on the susceptibility of plants to aphids. The root exudates secreted from peppers infested with aphids increased the growth rate of P. polymyxa E681. The application of P. polymyxa E681 to pepper roots promoted the colonization of aphids within 2 days of inoculation. Collectively, our results suggest that aphid infestation modulated the root exudation, which led to the recruitment of rhizobacteria that manipulated the resistance of peppers to aphids. In this study, new information is provided on how the infestation of insects is facilitated through insect-derived modulation of plant resistance with the attraction of gram-positive rhizobacteria.