• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.59-98
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• 2013

Risk of loss is a term used in the law of contracts to determine which party should bear the burden of risk for damage occurring to goods after the sale has been completed, but before delivery has occurred. Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), there are four risk of loss rules, in order of application. First, it is agreement that is the agreement of the parties controls. Second, the breaching party is liable for any uninsured loss even though breach is unrelated to the problem. Hence, if the breach is the time of delivery, and the goods show up broken, then the breaching rule applies risk of loss on the seller. Third, the delivery by common carrier other than by seller is necessary: Risk of loss shifts from seller to buyer at the time that seller completes its delivery obligations; If it is a destination contract, then risk of loss is on the seller; If it is a delivery contract, then the risk of loss is on the buyer. Fourth, if the seller is a merchant, then the risk of loss shifts to the buyer upon buyer's receipt of the goods. If the buyer never takes possession, then the seller still has the risk of loss. This paper discusses problems of risk of loss under the American law. Specifically, this paper focuses on the interpretation of UCC sections and analysis of various cases. By comparing, also, UCC and Korean law, the paper proposes some implications of risk of loss issues for Korean law.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.12A
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• pp.1291-1297
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• 2004

In this paper, the new scheduling algorithm that supports the maximization of system throughput and the proportional fairness among non-real time traffic users is proposed in OFDMA wireless mobile communication systems. The concept of the proposed algorithm is based on the proportional fairness algorithm, which is deployed in 3GPP2, and sorting method. The proportional fairness algorithm is adapted to allocate the number of subcarrier per user. A sorting method is contributed to the maximization of system throughput in the practical allocation of subcarrier per user. Simulation results show that new algorithm had better performance than the max rate rule in case of fairness, higher throughput than the scheduling algorithm without sorting method. Even though the system throughput of the proposed algorithm is almost same with the iteration scheme using subcarrier swapping method between users, the computational time of the former is reduced up to 3 times than the latter.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.633-640
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• 2021

Education related issues are social problems in which various groups and situations are intricately linked to each other. It is difficult to find issues by analyzing social phenomena related to education. Korean based text analysis can be analyzed in a quantitative. With the development of text analysis techniques, research results have been recently achieved, and it can be fully utilized to derive educational issues from text data in Korean. In this study, petition articles in the field of childcare/education were collected on the online-board of the Blue House National Petition website, and text analysis was used to derive issues in the education world. The analysis derived 6 topics through Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) among topic modeling techniques. The association rules of major keywords were analyzed and visualized as graphs. In addition to deriving educational issues through the existing questionnaire, it can provide implications for future research directions and policies in that issues can be sufficiently discovered through text-based analysis methods.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.627-636
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• 2019

The Radio Law was revised twelve times since the full revision in 2000, and now it is equipped with the current status of securing radio resources, distribution and allocation of radio resources, utilization of radio resources, protection of radio resources and promotion of radio waves, which can be evaluated to include the legal nature of securing radio resources and propagation beyond the simple administrative legal nature of radio resources. The legal system in the telecommunication sector is also being improved, and the Radio Law is also supplementing the weak points through two revisions. The domestic radio law, and it is considered to form a legal system for promoting the effective allocation and utilization of resources in accordance with the changes in radio wave usage environment. It can be evaluated that it has become a law related to radio promotion and competition in the existing simple administrative law. It is considered necessary to adjust the detailed regulations for each type of use.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.18A no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

It is very hard to obtain a general algorithm for solution of all the constraint satisfaction optimization problems. However, if the whole problem is separated into subproblems by characteristics of decision variables, we can assume that an algorithm to obtain solutions of these subproblems is easier. Under the assumption, we propose a problem classifying rule which subdivide the whole problem, and develop backtracking algorithms fit for these subproblems. One of the methods of finding a quick solution is efficiently arrange for any order of the search tree nodes. We choose the cluster head positioning problem in wireless sensor networks in which static characteristics is dominant and interference minimization problem of RFID readers that has hybrid mixture of static and dynamic characteristics. For these problems, we develop optimal variable ordering algorithms, and compare with the conventional methods. As a result of classifying the problem into subproblems, we can realize a backtracking framework for systematic search. We also have shown that developed backtracking algorithms have good performance in their quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

Semiconductor manufacturing has suffered from the complex process behavior of the technology oriented control in the production line. While the technological processes are in charge of the quality and the yield of the product, the operational management is also critical for the productivity of the manufacturing line. The fabrication line in the semiconductor manufacturing is considered as the most complex part because of various kinds of the equipment, re-entrant process routing and various product devices. The efficiency and the productivity of the fabrication line may give a significant impact on the subsequent processes such as the probe line, the assembly line and final test line. In the management of the re-entrant process such as semiconductor fabrication, it is important to keep balanced fabrication line. The Performance measures in the fabrication line are throughput, cycle time, inventory, shortage, etc. In the fabrication, throughput and cycle time are the conflicting performance measures. It is very difficult to achieve two conflicting goal simultaneously in the manufacturing line. The capacity of equipment is important factor in the production planning and scheduling. The production planning consideration of capacity can make the scheduling more realistic. In this paper, an input and scheduling rule are to achieve the balanced operation in semiconductor fabrication line through equipment capacity and workload are proposed and evaluated. New backward projection and scheduling rule consideration of facility capacity are suggested. Scheduling wafers on the appropriate facilities are controlled by available capacity, which are determined by the workload in terms of the meet the production target.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.78-86
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• 2015

Up-to-date business environment for manufacturers is very complex and rapidly changing. In other words, companies are facing a variety of changes, such as diversifying customer requirements, shortening product life cycles, and switching to small quantity batch production. In this situation, the companies are introducing the concept of JIT (just-in-time) to solve the problem of on-time production and on-time delivery for survival. Though many companies have introduced ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems and MRP (material requirement planning) systems, the performance of these systems seems to fall short of expectations. In this paper, the case study on introducing an APS (advanced planning and scheduling) system based on dispatching rules to a machining company and on finding a method to establish an efficient production schedule is presented. The case company has trouble creating an effective production plan and schedule, even though it is equipped with an MRP-based ERP system. The APS system is applied to CNC (computer numerical control) machines, which are key machines of the case company. The overall progress of this research is as follows. First, we collect and analyze the master data on individual products and processes of the case company in order to build a production scheduling model. Second, we perform a pre-allocation simulation based on dispatching rules in order to calculate the priority of each order. Third, we perform a set of production simulations applying the priority value in order to evaluate production lead time and tardiness of pre-defined dispatching rules. Finally, we select the optimal dispatching rule suitable for work situation of the case company. As a result, an improved production schedule leads to an increase in production and reduced production lead time.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.18-24
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• 1990

The location of inspection stations is a significant component of production systems. In this paper, a prototype expert system is designed for deciding the optimal location of inspection stations. The production system is defined as a single channel of n serial operation stations. The potential inspection station can be located after any of the operation stations. Nonconforming units are generated from a compound binomial distribution with known parameters at any given operation station. Traditionally Dynamic programming, Zero-one integer programming, or Non-linear programming techniques are used to solve this problem. However a problem with these techniques is that the computation time becomes prohibitively large when t be number of potential inspection stations are fifteen or more. An expert system has the potential to solve this problem using a rule-based system to determine the near optimal location of inspection stations. This prototype expert system is divided into a static database, a dynamic database and a knowledge base. Based on defined production systems, the sophisticated rules are generated by the simulator as a part of the knowledge base. A generate-and-test inference mechanism is utilized to search the solution space by applying appropriate symbolic and quantitative rules based on input data. The goal of the system is to determine the location of inspection stations while minimizing total cost.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.343-352
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• 2000

In this study. the author proposes a nonhierarchical clustering method. called the "Double K-Means Clustering", which performs clustering of multivariate observations with the following algorithm: Step I: Carry out the ordinary K-means clmitering and obtain k temporary clusters with sizes $n_1$,... , $n_k$, centroids $c_$1,..., $c_k$ and pooled covariance matrix S. $\bullet$ Step II-I: Allocate the observation x, to the cluster F if it satisfies ..... where N is the total number of observations, for -i = 1, . ,N. $\bullet$ Step II-2: Update cluster sizes $n_1$,... , $n_k$, centroids $c_$1,..., $c_k$ and pooled covariance matrix S. $\bullet$ Step II-3: Repeat Steps II-I and II-2 until the change becomes negligible. The double K-means clustering is nearly "optimal" under the mixture of k multivariate normal distributions with the common covariance matrix. Also, it is nearly affine invariant, with the data-analytic implication that variable standardizations are not that required. The method is numerically demonstrated on Fisher's iris data.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.507-517
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• 1996

To explain the horizontal expansion of a rhizomatous perennial, Convallaria keiskei(lily-of-the-valley), in a study site of Chunchon, Kangwon Province, Korea, ramet growth and clonal structure were studied. Remarkable growth stategies were clarified. First, the timing for the successive phenological events such as sprouting. flowering and rhizome growth for lily-of-the-valley was fitted to exploit early spring when the canopy of overstory was opened. Second, these events were supported by effective matter allocation pattern: for example, two-year investment for new rhizomes enabled the first year ramets to mature in six weeks after sprouting and to grow up to 85% of the leaf area of perennial ramets. Finally, the ramet population was increased by local disturbances such as freezing, herbivory and collection by human. The rule that a clone was supposed to produce one new thizome per year was broken by occasional disturbances. Then, up to 5rhizomes from latent bur could be redeveloped. Based on clonal structure, 80% or total clones have from 1 to 4 ramets. this means there have occurred minor disturbances. Therefore, in conclusion, the successful flourishing of lily-of-the-valley came from its effective frowth strategy to take advantage of site disturbance.