• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 1997

Abdominal skin tissues of ICR mouse painted with Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were observed to investigate the delayed type hypersensitivity of skin by chemical allergen as hapten. The abdominal skin tissues were obtained at hour 48 after secondary DNCB sensitization that were stained by Luna's method for mast cell, and immunohistochemical stain method for IL-2 receptor. The superficial perivascular lymphocytic aggregation were shown in basement membrane after DNCB secondary painting and the large size capillaries in dermis were appeared. The infiltration of lymphocyte to epithelium, the vacuolation of epithelial cell and intercellular space were increased. The number of mast cell in dermis was increased and these shape is degranulation type. The number of IL-2 receptor positive cell was increased in dermis. As results indicated that the hypersensitivy of immune system were induced by DNCB, subsequently to damage evoke inflammation in skin.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the skin disease in Sanghanron"傷寒論" and Geumgweyoryak"金匱要略". Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak containing the skin disease and analysis of Woo, Oh, Sung, Zhang, etc. We drew a parallel between skin disease from Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak pruritus was related to psychogenic pruritus and similar to skin disease caused by decrease of sweating, dry skin in cholinergic urticaria, atopic dermatitis and eczema, etc. in western medicine. 2. In Geumgweyoryak ichthyosis was caused by woman's disease, after menopause, chronic disease and malnutrition and related to winter itch and xerotic eczema in western medicine. 3. In Sanghanron Goose bumps, keratosis follicularis, acute and chronic urticaria and cold urticaria were occurred because of poorly managed fever care and side effect of antibiotic. 4. In Geumgweyoryak red face was similar to face flushing and side effects, which is after drug and laser treatment on face, in western medicine. 5. In Geumgweyoryak urticaria was, in a broad sense, skin disease with pruritus and secondary infection resulted from scratch. Skin diseases with pruritus are similar to urticaria, dermatitis herpetiformis, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, nummular eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, prurigo nodularis, neurodermatitis and internal disease with pruritus in western medicine. 6. In Geumgweyoryak spots in the skin were caused by fever and similar to allergic purpura and SLE symptom in western medicine. 7. In Geumgweyoryak bullous disease with yellowish discharge was similar to eczema, pustule, atopic eczema, etc. in western medicine. 8. In Geumgweyoryak repeated inflammation of oral cavity, genitals, eyes and skin was similar to Behcet's disease in western medicine. 9. In Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak boil was similar to abscess and acute lymphadenitis in western medicine caused by oily foods and infections. 10. In Geumgweyoryak swelling and boil were occurred in a poor health. Damage from metalic material could cause a convulsion and was similar to tetanus in western medicine. Conclusion : We analyzed the original text paragraphs of Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak and explanations about skin disease. As a results, we found out etiology, pathogenesis, treatments of the skin disease in Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak. Further we compared with western medicine to develop better understanding of the skin disease.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2020

Smoking is associated with increased inflammation and is a risk factor for a range of diseases. Conversely, yogurt has beneficial effects on health. This study examined the effects of yogurt consumption on the hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels in smokers. The participants were categorized into four groups. Non-smokers were assigned to the control and yogurt groups while smokers were assigned to the smoking and combined (yogurt plus smoking) groups. The participants consumed yogurt, and either smoked or did not smoke for three weeks. The changes in hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels were examined. In the combined group, the proportion of neutrophils and fibrinogen levels increased significantly, whereas the lymphocyte proportion decreased. The eosinophil proportion increased significantly in the Smoking group, but no change was observed in the combined group. In addition, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased in the smoking and combined groups, indicating that smoking may affect the lifespan of red blood cells. In conclusion, this study showed that yogurt consumption might influence the immune function by modulating the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrinogen in smokers. Furthermore, the absence of any increase in the eosinophil proportion in the combined group, unlike in the smoking group, suggests that yogurt consumption may have an inhibitory effect on allergic reactions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2018

Viticis fructus (fruits of Vitex rotundifolia) is the dried fruit from Vitex rotundifolia; is a traditional medicine for treating inflammation, migraines, chronic bronchitis, headaches, eye pain, and gastrointestinal infections; and demonstrates various bioactivities, including anti-allergic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, which are partly due to its phenolic compound content. This study examines the inhibitory effects of viticis fructus (fruits of Vitex rotundifolia) on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression using gelatin zymography and RT-PCR in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced HT-1080 fibro-sarcoma cells. Fruits of Vitex rotundifolia were extracted twice using dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$) and methanol (MeOH). The combined crude extracts ($CH_2Cl_2$ and MeOH) significantly inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in gelatin zymography. The combined extracts were fractionated into n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH), n-butanol, and water, successively according to polarity. Among all solvent-partitioned fractions, 85% aq. MeOH fractions showed the strongest inhibition on the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gelatin zymography. In PMA-stimulated HT-1080 cells, the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA were also greatly inhibited by the 85% aq. MeOH fraction. These results suggest that viticis fructus can be used as an excellent source for anti-invasive agents.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.178-183
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• 2015

Dendritic cells play an important role in determining whether na${\ddot{i}}$ve T cells mature into either Th1 or Th2 cells. We determined whether heat-shock protein X (HspX) purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates the Th1/Th2 immune response in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. HspX increased interferon-gamma, IL-17A, -12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ production and T-bet gene expression but reduced IL-13 production and GATA-3 gene expression. HspX also inhibited asthmatic reactions as demonstrated by an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues, airway luminal narrowing, and airway hyper-responsiveness. Furthermore, HspX enhanced OVA-induced decrease of regulatory T cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. This study provides evidence that HspX plays critical roles in the amelioration of asthmatic inflammation in mice. These findings provide new insights into the immunotherapeutic role of HspX with respect to its effects on a murine model of asthma.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1210-1218
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• 2007

Recently Atopic Dermatitis(AD) is increasing along with allergic disease. At present, there is no infallible cure for AD. Then AD patients undergo great suffering. This study is carried out to see whether or not the administering Danggwieumja(DG) along with Samhwangseje-gamibang(SG} as a medicine for external aplication, is effective in treating atopic dermatitis. To examine the effectiveness of the above prescription, the author made an observation of diverse immune responses. through the model of NC/Nga atopic mice. Results provided evidence that the DG administration along with SG can be used as a treatment means to atopic dermatitis. The results are as follows: The extent of Clinical skin severities in 13 and 16 week old NC/Nga mice treated with DG and SG, were reduced by 50.9%, 53.9% respectively, compared to the control NC/Nga mice with no drug treatment. IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IgM and IgG1 levels in the serum of the NC/Nga mice treated with DG and SG were significantly decreased compared to those of the untreated control mice. In contrary, to the $IFN-{\gamma}$ level, significantly increased. The spleen weight of the NC/Nga mice treated with DG and SG significantly decreased compared to those of the untreated control mice. CCR3 gene expression in the skin tissue of NC/Nga mice treated with DG and SG were highly decreased, and the IL-6 expression significantly decreased, and the $IFN-{\gamma}$ gene expression increased compared to those of the untreated control mice. Histological observation of the ear and dorsal skin tissue of the NC/Nga mice treated with DG and SG, showed that the extents of inflammation and infiltrated immune cells in the epidermal tissue and dermis, were highly reduced compared to those of the untreated control mice. In the model inducing COX-2 activity in RAW 264.7 cell, the denser DG became, the more COX-2 activity was inhibited, compared to those of the untreated control group. $IL-1{\beta}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 gene expression in RAW 264.7 cell with DG, significantly decreased, compared to those of the untreated control group. According to the assessment of cell toxicity in L929 cell, the rate of cell multiplication increased by 3% in consistency to 100ppm of DG compared to the untreated control group and in more than the 200 ppm consistency, cell toxicity was occurred.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.975-984
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• 2018

The purpose of that was to investigate the potential of P. Herba extracts as phytonutrient active ingredients. In order to elucidate the P.Herba ethanol extracts were examined DPPH radical scavenging activity, NO production, protective effects against oxidative stress in HaCaT cells, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, anti-allergic effects, and inhibition of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase expression. The antioxidative activity of the P. Herba extracts was compared, and the antioxidative activity of the ethanol extract was found to be superior. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in HaCaT, RAW 264.7, and RBL-2H3 cells. The protective effect of the extracts against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) was examined in HaCaT cells, and it was found to be 83% This concentration refers to which extract ethanol at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was examined in RAW 264.7 cells, and NO production was suppressed even at low concentrations. In addition, the concentration-dependent antimicrobial activities of the extracts were demonstrated in several bacterial strains, such as those of S.aureus, S.epidermidis and P. acnes. Based on the findings from this study, Portulacae Herba extracts could be used as physiological active substance that possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2016

Mast cells are primary mediators of allergic inflammation. Beta-1,3-glucan (BG) protects against infection and shock by activating immune cells. Activation of the BG receptor induces an increase in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, which may induce exocytosis. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying BG activation of immune cells and the possible role of mitochondria in this process. The present study examined whether BG induced mast cell degranulation, and evaluated the role of calcium transients during mast cell activation. Our investigation focused on the role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in BG-induced degranulation. Black mouse (C57) bone marrow-derived mast cells were stimulated with $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ BG, $100{\mu}g/ml$ peptidoglycan (PGN), or $10{\mu}M$ A23187 (calcium ionophore), and dynamic changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium and membrane potential were monitored. BG-induced mast cell degranulation occurred in a time-dependent manner, and was significantly reduced under calcium-free conditions. Ruthenium red, a mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ uniporter blocker, significantly reduced mast cell degranulation induced by BG, PGN, and A23187. These results suggest that the mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ uniporter has an important regulatory role in BG-induced mast cell degranulation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 2011

Objective : Atractyloides Chinensis Rhizome (ACR) is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for an inflammation and an allergic disease. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how ACR affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of ACR on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : The amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of ACR was measured. The TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels were analysised by Western blots. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. NF-${\kappa}$B, phospho-I${\kappa}$B and MAPKs were examined by Western blot analysis. The NF-${\kappa}$B promoter activity was examined by a luciferase assay. Results : 1. The expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. 2. The expressions of IL-6 and IL-6 mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. 3. The expressions of IL-8 and IL-8 mRNA were decreased dose-dependently at 0.05-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR and significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$ specially. 4. The expressions of Phosphorylated-JNK were decreased, not p38, ERK 5. The expressions of NF-${\kappa}$B were decreased dose-dependently at 0.1-0.2mg/$m\ell$ of ACR. The expressions of Phosphorylated I${\kappa}$B were significantly decreased at 0.2mg/$m\ell$. In addition, ACR suppressed PMA plus A23187-induced NF-${\kappa}$B promoting activity. Conclusion : It is suggested that ACR should suppress through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}$B activity and cytokine production.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2009

Objective : Moutan Cortex (the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for inflammation. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how MC(Moutan Cortex) affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of Essence extracted MC on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : We observed the effect of MC on compound 48/80-induced histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells and the effect of administering MC on PCA in rat. We measured the amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of MC. The TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels were analysised by Western blot. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. NF-$\kappa$B, phospho-I$\kappa$B and MAPKs were exmined by Western blot analysis. The NF-$\kappa$B promoter activity was examined by luciferase assay. Result : 1. Enzyme immunoassay indicated that MC suppressed histamine secretion of rat peritoneal mast cells. 2. In PCA dependent on IgE, MC had anti-allergic effect of the internal surface of rat skin. 3. Western blot indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels. 4. ELISA indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 but MC had no significant effect on IL-8 in HMC-1 cells. 5. RT-PCR indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-8 but MC had no significant effect on IL-6 in HMC-l cells. 6. Western blot indicated that MC suppressed the induction of MAPKs, NF-$\kappa$B & phospho-I$\kappa$B activity in HMC-1 cells. 7. Luciferase assay indicated that MC suppressed the PMA plus A23187-induced NF-$\kappa$B promoting activityin HMC-1 cells. Conclusion : In this study, we have found that MC is an inhibitor of NF-$\kappa$B, MAPKs & cytokines on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses.