• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1979

An experimental study was carried out to develop a rural type toilet of which the effluent could not transmit parasitic diseases at a village in Kangwon Province, Korea, during the period of January through December 1978, A drum tank (dia. 57cm$\times$90cm) and a cement tank (100cm$\times$100cm$\times$100cm) were filled with human excreta collected from toilets of the villages (the ratio of feces to urine was estimated approximately 1: 5) at once and three threecompartment toilets were constructed and used by people. pH, temperatures and viability of parasitic eggs were examined with the content of toilets. Rusults are summarized as follows: 1. pH increased from 7.0 at the beginning of experiment to 7.5 or 8.0 after 4 months of storage in drum tank as well as in cement tank and so did from 7.0~7.5 in the first tank to 8.0~8.5 in the third tank of all three-compartment toilets. 2. Temperatures of content at middle part of toilets in January through March ranged from 2 to 6$\circ$C which were 2-4$\circ$C higher than those of air, and those of lower part were again 1~2$\circ$C higher than of middle part. but temperatures of air, at middle part andat lower part in April were 14$\circ$C, 9~10$\circ$C and 8~9$\circ$C respectively, in July 29$\circ$C, 20~21$\circ$C and 19~20$\circ$C respe ctively and in October 17$\circ$C, 14$\circ$C and 14~13$\circ$C respectively. 3. All the parasitic eggs were degenerated about 4 months after filling drum tank with human excreta on 10th April while 10% of eggs were degenerated on 15th May, and all the eggs were degenerated about 4 months after filling cement tank on 24th August while about 10% were degenerated on 11th September and 20% on 4th October. 4. Degeneration rates of eggs were only 5~15% at 5cm below surface in the first tanks of three-compartment toilets while 45~65% at 50cm below, and concentration rates of eggs in second tanks were 8~12% of those in first tanks and only a few eggs were found in third tank but all of them were degenerated. Specific gravity of liquid of 1.022~1.024 in second tanks was not enough for overflowing eggs into third tanks.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.220-224
• /
• 2005

Extensive chemical studies on the stem bark extracts of two Guttifereous plants namely Mesua daphnifolia and Garcinia nitida have led to the isolation of eight xanthones. Mesua daphnifolia gave cudraxanthone G (1), ananixanthone (2), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-methoxyxanthone (3) and euxanthone (4) while Garcinia nitida gave inophyllin B (5), 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,4-bis (3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone (6), 3-isomangostin (7) and rubraxanthone (8). All these compounds were assayed against the MDA-MB-231 (human estrogen receptor negative breast cancer) cells. A structure-activity relationship study showed that structurally, all the 1, 3-oxygenated xanthones which carried unsaturated prenyl side chains (either 3-methylbut-2-enyl or 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl) at carbones C-2 and C-4 in the xanthone ring A are essential for the outstanding activities in the assay.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.17-29
• /
• 1980

This study is to obtain the basic-standard for establishing the nominal size of 4∼6 year-old children's clothes. From the results of the data analysis, we found the following points. 1) Almost all the items with respect to children's age show the significant level (α=0.01 or α=0.05), and it was also shown that boys are bigger than girls. 2) The correlation among all the parts of the body is strong in the case of the stature and the weight. 3) The upper arm girth of children for this study is larger than that of japanese children, and the posterior shoulder width and the crotch to ankle of children for this study are smaller than that of japanese children. 4) In time series change this study shows that the average sizes have increased continuously.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.263-266
• /
• 2002

Gravity waves have been searched for with a new all-sky camera system over Korean Peninsular. The all-sky camera consists of a 37mm/F4.5 Mamiya fisheye lens with a 180 dog field of view, interference filters and a 1024 by 1024 CCD camera. The all-sky camera has been tested near Daejeon city, and moved to Mt. Bohyun where the largest astronomical telescope is operated in Korea. A clear wave pattern was successfully detected in OH filter images over Mt. Bohyun on July 18, 2001, indicating that small scale coherent gravity waves perturbed OH airglow near the mesopause. Other wave features are since then observed with Na 589.8nm and OI 630.0nm filters. Since a Japanese all-sky camera network has already detected traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID) over the northeast-southwest range of Japanese islands, we hope our all-sky camera extends the coverage of the TID's observations to the west direction. We plan to operate our all-sky camera all year around to study seasonal variation of wave activities over the mid-latitude upper atmosphere.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.19
• /
• pp.8089-8093
• /
• 2014

Background: To assess the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal adverse effects in advanced colorectal carcinoma patients treated with four different schedules of FOLFOX. Materials and Methods: Patients (median age 61 years) who underwent surgery were included in the study. All had measureable disease at CT scan, ultrasonography or clinical examination. Toxicity was graded on a scale of 1-5 according to the general grade definition of CTC v2.0. The severity of adverse effects (Grade 3 and 4) assessed in each treatment arm was compared. Results: Differences between the incidence rates of 3 and 4 toxicity and all grades of toxicity for all parameters in GI toxicity were very highly significant (p<0.001). Severe gastrointestinal symptoms of toxicity were noted with FOLFOX7 (oxaliplatin $130mg/m^2$). Grade 3 diarrhea was reported in 25% patients and grade 4 diarrhea in 4% in the FOLFOX7 treatment arm. Grade 2 vomiting was very frequently reported in the FOLFOX4 treatment arm (oxaliplatin $85mg/m^2$). Grade 2 stomatitis was reported in 42% patients treated with mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin $100mg/m^2$). Differences in the incidence rate of nausea, diarrhea and stomatitis among all treatment arms of FOLFOX were significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Severe diarrhea is associated with FOLFOX7 treatment. No grade 3 or 4 GI toxicity was reported in patients of the mFOLFOX6 arm.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPAR-α, -β/δ, -γ, PGC-1α, GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats by endurance training combined with rosiglitazone. The expression of PPAR-α, -β/δ, -γ, PGC-1α, GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in red and white gastrocnemius by western blotting. The body weight was higher in diabetic induced-rats compared to the normal rats and after the treatment of exercise combined with rosiglitazone was significantly reduced in the all group. The levels of blood glucose was higher in diabetic induced-rats compared to the normal rats and after the treatment of exercise combined with rosiglitazone was significantly reduced in the all group. The expression of PPAR-α, -γ, PGC-1α in skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats were increased all groups and increased significantly in the group with exercise combined with rosiglitazone. The expression of GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats were increased all groups and increased significantly in the group with exercise combined with rosiglitazoneI. These results suggest that exercise training and rosiglitazone may act as complementary therapies for the treatment of insulin rasistance.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.55-69
• /
• 1993

The purpose of this study is investigation on prevalence and clinical characteristics of headache among 10-39 years men and women. Information could be obtained with the questionnaire, and 1952 respondents completed the questionnaire. All participants were asked if they had experienced headache. Those responding positively were further questioned regarding the frequency, severity, character, location and duration of headache and were questioned regarding the experience of medical cunsultation and taking analgesics. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The life time prevalence of headache was 49.6% among men, 70.8% among women and 61.5% in all. 2. The prevalence of episodic tension type headache, chronic tension type headache, migraine, mixed type headache in this population was 27.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 23.1% respectively. 3. Headache duration was classified as less than 1 hour, 1-6 hours, 6012 hours, more than 12 hours for 1 day. The percentage of each other case is 41.8%, 46.2%, 7.4% and 4.4% of headache suffers respectively. 4. As regards the severity of headache, 4.2% of headache suffers had a very mild pain intensity, 17.9% a mild pain, 57.7% a moderate pain, 18.1% a severe pain and 2.2% a quite severe pain. 5. Headache occured at morning in 8.2% of headache suffers, at afternoon in 9.4%, at evening in 18.1%, at night in 4.3% and at anytime in 59.9%. 6. 11.7% of headache suffers among men consulted doctor, 13.9% among women and 13.1% in all. 7. 66.2% of headache suffers didnt have any analgesics because of their pain, 33.8% of headache suffers had analgesics because of their pain.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.277-284
• /
• 1995

To study the shelf-life of cut cabbage kimchi, we examined the several quality characteristics of cabbage kimchi under various storage temperatures and packing materials. The pH of kimchi extracts were decreased to 4.0 in the condition of storage at 8$^{\circ}C$ during 6 days, at 4$^{\circ}C$ during 18days, 0$^{\circ}C$ during 42 days. The increase patterns of the organic acid were reverse to the changes of pH under the all conditions. The contents of reducing sugar were continuously decreased at 8$^{\circ}C$ , but increased gradually at 0$^{\circ}C$ and 4$^{\circ}C$ storage conditions. The contents of vitamine C were decreased at the early storage but increased to optimum ripening stage of pH 4.2-4.4 and after decreased continuously. The total bacterial cell counts of cabbage kimchi were increased suddenly at the early storage and after decreased gradually. And at the higher storage temperature, the more lactic acid bacteria were. On the results of sensory evaluation of cabbage kimchi at marketable shelf-life, sour taste and sour smell were significant under all experimental conditions by Duncan's multiple range test. On the above all results, we concluded that the marketable shelf-life of cut cabbage kimchi were 42 days, 19 days, 6 days at 0$^{\circ}C$, 4$^{\circ}C$, 8$^{\circ}C$ storage condition respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.176-185
• /
• 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate various levels of dolomitic lime incorporated as pre-planting fertilizers on the growth of red-leaf lettuce. To achieve this, three root media were formulated by mixing coir dust with expanded rice hull (CD+ERH, 8:2, v/v), carbonized rice hull (CD+CRH, 6:4, v/v), and ground pine bark (CD+GRPB, 6:4, v/v). During formulation, equal amounts of essential nutrients, except dolomitic lime, were incorporated into all root media and the levels of dolomitic lime were varied from 0 to $7.5g\;L^{-1}$ at 1.5 g increments. Seedlings of red-leaf lettuces at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted into each medium treatment. Crop growths were measured 5 weeks after transplant and soil solutions were collected every week and analyzed for pH, EC, and nutrient concentrations. The treatments showing the heaviest fresh and dry weights in CD+ERH, CD+CRH, and CD+GRPB were 4.5 g, 4.5 g, and $7.5g\;L^{-1}$ of dolomite, respectively. The pHs of three root media yielding the highest crop growths were in the ranges of 6.4 to 7.1. These ECs in CD+CRH medium were around $1.0dS\;m^{-1}$ higher than those of CD+ERH and CD+GRPB when application rates of dolomitic lime were equal. $K^+$ concentrations were higher than $Ca^{+2}$ and $Mg^{+2}$ concentrations until week 2 in three root media. But $Ca^{+2}$ and $Mg^{+2}$ concentrations were higher than $K^+$ concentrations after week 3 in all root media. The concentrations of $PO_4{^{-3}}$ in all root media got abruptly lower until week 2. These results indicate that appropriate levels of dolomitic lime, as pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizers in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media, are 4.5 and $7.5g\;L^{-1}$, respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.217-227
• /
• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal leakage of esthetic restorative materials according to the filling method in class V cavities. 60 cavities were prepared on buccal surface for dye penetration test and divided into 5 experimental groups according to the filling methods of esthetic materials: group 1 was filled with glass ionomer cement, group 2, 3 and 4 were filled with the chamfer, knife edge and butt joint shaped glass ionomer cement respectively and silux plus/scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ by sandwich technique, group 5 was lined with Dycal$^{(R)}$ and filled with silux plus/scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ by bulk filling technique. All the specimens were then thermocycled in a range of $4^{\circ}C-60^{\circ}C$ by and immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours, and sectioned mesiodistally with carborundum disk into two parts under water spray. All the specimens were observed at the occlusal and gingival margins and statistical analysis was performed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. At the occlusal margins, group 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed less marginal leakage than group 1 (p<0.05) and there were not significant differences among group 2, 3, 4, and 5. 2. At the gingival margins, group 5 showed the least marginal leakage and group 4 and 5 showed less marginal leakage than group 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05). 3. In the laminated groups, group 4 showed less marginal leakage than group 2 and 3 at the gingival margins. 4. In comparison to the occlusal and gingival margins, all groups showed less marginal leakage at the occlusal margins than at the gingival margins (p<0.05).