• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2014

Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of self-etching adhesive systems against Streptococcus mutans using the agar diffusion method. Materials and Methods: Three 2-step systems, Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray), Contax (CT, DMG), and Unifil Bond (UnB, GC), and three 1-step systems, Easy Bond (EB, 3M ESPE), U-Bond (UB, Vericom), and All Bond SE (AB, BISCO) were used. 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX, Bukwang) and 37% phosphoric acid gel (PA, Vericom) were used as positive controls. Results: The antibacterial activity of CHX and PA was stronger than that of the other groups, except SE. After light activation, the inhibition zone was reduced in the case of all 2-step systems except CT. However, all 1-step systems did not exhibit any inhibition zone upon the light activation. Conclusions: SE may be better than CT or UnB among the 2-step systems with respect to antibacterial activity, however, 1-step systems do not exhibit any antibacterial activity after light curing.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.501-513
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• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of etching time on shear bond strength of four resin cements to IPS Empress 2 ceramic. Material and Methods: Forty rectangular shape ceramic specimens ($10{\times}15{\times}3.5mm$ size) were used for this study. The ceramic specimens divided into four groups and were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 0, 10, 30, 60, 180, 300, 420, 600, and 900 seconds respectively. Etched surfaces of ceramic specimens were coated with ceramic adhesive system and bonded with four resin cement (Variolink II, Panavia F, Panavia 21, Super-Bond C&B) using acrylic glass tube. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading untill fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed 1mm/min: the maximum load at fracture (kg) was recored. Shear bond strengh data were analyzed with oneway analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (p<.05). Etched ceramic surfaces (0-, 60-, 300-, and 600-seconds etching period) and fracture surfaces after shear testing were examined mophologically using scanning electron microscopy. Results : Ceramic surface treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid improved the bond strength of three resin cement except for Super-Bond C&B cement. Variolink II (41.0$\pm$2.4 MPa) resin cement at 300-seconds etching time showed statistically higher shear bond strength than the other resin cements (Panavia F: 28.3$\pm$2.3 MPa, Panavia 21: 21.5$\pm$2.2 MPa, Super-Bond C&B: 16.7$\pm$1.6 MPa). Ceramic surface etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 300 seconds showed more retentive surface texture. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, Variolink II resin cement are suitable for cementation of Empress 2 all-ceramic restorations and etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 180 to 300 seconds is required to enhance the bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a desensitizer on dentinal bond strength in cementation of composite resin inlay. Fifty four molar teeth were exposed the occlusal dentin. Class I inlay cavities were prepared and randomly divided into six groups. Control group: no agent, Group 1 : Isodan, Group 2 : One-step, Group 3 : All-Bond SE, Group 4 : Isodan + One-step, Group 5 : Isodan + All-Bond SE. Desensitizing agent and dentin bonding agents were applied immediately after the completion of the preparations. Impressions were then made. The composite resin inlays (Tescera, Bisco) were fabricated according to the manufacturers' guidelines. Cementation procedures followed a standard protocol by using resin cement (Bis-Cem, Bisco). Specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. All specimens were sectioned to obtained sticks with $1.0{\times}1.0\;mm^2$ cross sectional area. The microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) was tested at crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was made to examine the details of the bonding interface, 1. Group 1 showed significantly lower ${\mu}TBS$ than other groups (p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference between the ${\mu}TBS$ of Group 3 and Group 5. 3. The ${\mu}TBS$ of Group 4 showed significantly lower than that of Group 2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, a desensitizer (Isodan) might have an adverse effect on the bond strength of composite resin inlay to dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.240-250
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different etching time on the shear bond strength and adaptibility of composite to enamel and dentin when used one-bottle adhesive Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0. The proximal and occlusal surfaces of 88 extracted human molars were ground to expose enamel(n=44) and dentin (=44) using diamond wheel saw. Teeth were randomly assigned to four test groups(n=11) and received the following treatments : Control group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 20 sec. according to the manufacturer's directions. Experimental 10 sec. group, 30 sec. group and 60 sec. group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 10 sec., 30 sec. and 60 sec., respectively. Teeth were rinsed and dried for 2 sec. Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 were applied according to the manufacturer's directions and Spectrum$^{TM}$ TPH composite resins were bonded to enamel and dentin surfaces. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours. Eighty specimens were sheared in a Universal Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute. One way ANOVA and LSD test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Failure modes of all specimens after shear bond strength test were examined and listed. Also, representive postfracture modes and eight specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in 30 sec. group (20.68${\pm}$8.54MPa) and the lowest value in 10 sec. group (14.92${\pm}$6.07MPa), so there was significant difference of shear bond strength between two groups (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference among other groups (p>0.05). With longer etching time to enamel from 10 sec. to 30 sec., higher the shear bond strength was obtained, but the shear bond strength was decreased at 60 sec. etching time. 2. The shear bond strength to dentin was the highest value in control group (13.08${\pm}$6.25MPa) and the lowest value in 60 sec. group (9.47${\pm}$3.35MPa), but there was no significant difference among the all groups (p>0.05). The eching time over 20 sec. decreased the shear bond strength to dentin. 3. In SEM observation, the enamel and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation with no relation to etching time of enamel. And the dentin and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation at 20 sec. and 30 sec. etching time, but showed some gaps at 10 sec. and 60 sec. etching time. Accordingly, these results indicated that a appropriate etching time in Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 was required to be 30 sec. in enamel and 20 sec. in dentin for the high shear bond strength and good adaptation between the composite resin and tooth substance.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Resin cements are widely used in adhesive dentistry specially on all ceramic restorations. It is needed to find out adequate bonding strength between different porcelain surface treatments, commercially available porcelains, and different resin cement systems. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cements bonded to porcelains in three different modalities; 5 different porcelain surface treatments, 3 different resin cement systems and 3 different commercially available pressable porcelains. Material and Method. This study consisted of 3 parts. Part I examined the effect of five different surface treatments on the pressable porcelain. Fifty discs (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) of Authentic porcelain were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10). The specimens were sanded with 320 grit SiC paper followed by 600 grit SiC paper. The specimens were treated as follow: Group 1-Sandblasting (aluminum oxide) only, Group 2 - sandblasting/ silane, Group 3 - sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane, Group 4 - acid etching only, Group 5 - acid etching/ silane. Part II examined the shear bond strength of 3 different resin cement systems (Duolink, Variolink II, Rely X ARC) on acid etching/ silane treated Authentic pressable porcelain. Part 3 examined the shear bond strength of Duolink resin cement on 3 different pressable porcelains (Authentic, Empress I, Finesse). All cemented specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 hours and tested with Ultradent shear bond strength test jig under Universal Instron machine until fracture. An analysis of variance(ANOVA) test was used to evaluate differences in shear bond strength. Result. The shear bond strength test resulted in the following: (1) Acid etched porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to the sandblasted porcelains. (2) Silane treated porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to non-silane treated porcelains. (3) There was no significant difference between sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane treated and acid etching/ silane treated porcelains. However those values were much higher than other three groups. (4) The shear bond strength with Variolink II was lower than the value of Duolink or Rely X ARC. (5) The shear bond strength of Finesse was lower than the value of Authentic or Empress I.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2006

Recently, the need for esthetic results has increased the interest for all-ceramic crown prosthesis. Furthermore, the development of zirconium core via CAD/CAM system has allowed the all ceramic restorations to be applied to almost all fixed prosthesis situations. But, the increased strength has been reported to increase in proportion with the bond strength of cement, and recently, the tribochemical system which increases the bond strength through, silica coating and silanization has been introduced. The purpose of this study was to compare the $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and $CoJet^{TM}$ system with the traditional acid etching and silanization method of the irconium based ceramic. The surface character was observed via SEM(X2000), and the bond strength with the resin cement were measured. 50 In-Ceram Zirconia (Adens, Korea) discs were fabricated and embedded in resin, group 1 was treated with glass-bead blasting and cleaning, group 2 was treated with 20% HF for 10 minutes and silanized, group 3 was treated with the $Rocatec^{TM}$ system, and group 4 was treated with the $CoJet^{TM}$ system. Each group was comprised of 10 specimens. The specimens were cemented to a $3mm{\times}5mm$ resin block with Super-Bond C&B. The shear bond strength was measured with the $Instron^{(R)}$ 8871 at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were as follows. 1. According to SEM results, there were little difference between group 1 & group 2, but in group 3 and 4, silica coating was detected and there was increase in surface roughness. 2. The shear bond strength decreased in the order of group 3(46.28MPa), group 4(42.04MPa), group 2(31.56MPa), and group 1(27.46MPa). 3. There was significant differnce between group 1&2 and group 3&4(p<0.05). From the results above, it can be considered that the conventional method of acid etching and silane treatment cannot increase the bond strength with resin cements, and that by applying the tribochemical system of $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and $CoJet^{TM}$ system, we can achieve a stronger all ceramic restoration. Further studies on surface treatments to increase the bond strength are thought to be needed.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2006

Statement of problem: The sealing of the opened dentinal tubules that follows the tooth preparation for the prosthodontic restoration is considered as clinical process to reduce postoperative sensitivity. Purpose: This study investigated the effect of desensitization treatment on shear bond strength of luting cements. Materials and Method: Total 80 dentin specimens were divided into two groups according to the kinds of luting cements. Each groups was further divided into 4 subgroups with AQ $bond^{(R)}$, $Saforide^{(R)}$, Diode laser $MDL-10^{(R)}$ application and without desensitization treatment. After desensitization treatment application, Ni-Cr specimens were luted to dentin surface with Fuji $CEM^{(R)}$ and $Panavia-F^{(R)}$. Specimens were placed in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and shear bond strength between metal and dentin was measured by a universal testing machine. Results: 1. In Fuji $CEM^{(R)}$ cemented groups, the combination of AQ $bond^{(R)}$ showed the greatest strength, followed by diode laser, no desensitizer treatment, and $Saforide^{(R)}$. Both AQ $bond^{(R)}$ and Diode laser groups had a significant difference than no desensitization treatment group and $Saforide^{(R)}$ group(p<0.05). 2. In $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ cemented groups, the combination of Diode laser showed the greatest strength, followed by AQ $bond^{(R)}$, $Saforide^{(R)}$, and No desensitization treatment. All desensitization treatment groups had a significant difference than no desensitization treatment group(p<0.05). 3. All $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ groups showed a significant higher shear bond strength than all Fuji $CEM^{(R)}$ groups(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed possibility of bond strength increase after desensitization treatment. The application of desensitization treatments like AQ $bond^{(R)}$, $Saforide^{(R)}$, and Diode laser $MDL-10^{(R)}$ have advantages in exposed dentin surface after tooth prep.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

Compression splices are required for all compression members in almost all of the floors in high-rise buildings. Therefore, a clear understanding of the behavior of compression splices can provide a rational design of compression splices. Tests of compression splices with bearing only and bond only cases were conducted to investigate the component resistance characteristics of compression splices. Test results showed that the circumferential tensile stresses induced by bearing and bond overlapped at the end of the splice length deterred bond and bearing splices from developing target splicing strength when both normal bond and bearing splices were used. In particular, the bearing strength was more significantly reduced than the bond strength since the bearing relied on the limited area near the end of the splice length. However, the strength of the normal splice was always higher than the strength of the bond only or the bearing only case. Consequently, the study results showed that splice strength in compression cannot be improved by means of removing bond or bearing. In addition, the bond strength in bond only splices was nearly same as the bond strength in tension splices and the strength increase of compression splice is attributed to end bearing only characteristic.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.121-132
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• 1991

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the marginal sealing effect of composite resin inlays according to the luting techniques and compare them to the conventional direct resin filling technique. 90 cavities of class V were prepared on the buccal surface of 90 extracted molar teeth, which were divided into four groups. Cavities of control group were directly filled with Scotchbond 2 and P - 50, and those of composite resin inlay groups were luted with one of the followings: Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement, All bond followed by Adhesive cement, Fuji - ionomer type L All the specimens were immersed in India ink dye solution for 7 days at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator after thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ and longitudinally sectioned with diamond disk inot two parts All the specimens were observed at the occlusal and gingival margins and statistical analysis was performed. The results were as follows: 1. Groups filled with composite resin inlay showed less marginal leakage than the group directly filled(p<0.01). 2. There was no significant difference in marginal leakage between composite resin inlay groups luted with Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement and the group luted with All bond followed by Adhesive cement(p>0.05). 3. At occlusal margins, Composite resin inlay group luted with Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement showed less marginal leakage than the group luted with Fuii ionomer type I(p<0.01). At gingival margins, composite resin inlay group luted with All bond followed by Adhesive cement showed less marignal leakage than the group luted with Fuji ionomer type I(P<0.01).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.413-423
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• 1998

Dental ceramics exhibit excellent esthetic property, compressive strength, chemical durability, biocompatibility and translucency. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to the new heat-pressed ceramic material (IPS-Empress System) depending on the surface treatments and bonding agents. The surface treatments were etching with 4.0% hydrofluoric acid, application of silane, and the combination of the two methods. Composite resin was bonded to ceramic with four kinds of dentin bonding agents(All-Bond 2, Heliobond, Scotch bond Multi-purpose and Tenure bonding agents). The ceramic specimen bonded with composite resin was mounted in the testing jig, and the universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany) was used to measure the shear bond strength with the cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results obtained were as follows 1. The mean shear bond strength of the specimens of which the ceramic surface was treated with the combination of hydrofluoric acid and silane before bonding composite resin was significantly higher than those of the other surface treatment groups(p<0.05). 2. In the case of All-Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi-purpose bonding agent group, the surface treatment methods did not influenced significantly on the shear bond(p>0.05). 3. Of the four bonding agents tested, the shear bond strength of Heliobond was significantly lower than those of other bonding agents regardless of the surface treatment methods(p<0.05). 4. The highest shear bond strength($12.55{\pm}1.92$ MPa) was obtained with Scotchbond Multipurpose preceded by the ceramic surface treatment with the combination of 4% hydrofluoric acid and silane.