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쥐의 간 발암과정에서 N-3, N-6 지방산 섭취 및 d-Limonene 투여가 생체막 지질조성 및 Protein Kinase C 활성도에 미치는 영향 (Effect of N-3, N-6 Fatty Acid and d-Limonene Treatment on Membrane Lipid Composition and Protein Kinase C Activity in Experimental Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis)

  • 김미정;김정희
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제32권8호
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    • pp.1328-1336
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 우리나라에서 발병률이 높은 간암의 발생과정에서 정어리유와 d-limonene의 섭취가 미치는 영향을 세포막 지질조성 및 PKC활성도를 통해 조사하여 이들의 항암 작용관련 기전을 규명 하고자 하였다. 따라서 이유된 흰쥐를 지방산 조성이 아주 다른 옥수수유, 정어리유를 15% 수준으로 공급하고 d-limonene 섭취군은 5%수준으로 공급하여 실험군에서는 발암물질인 DEN을 2회 복강 주사하고 PB를 물에 섞어 주어 20주간 사육하여 membrane fraction의 지방산 조성 및 지질의 조성, glutathione-S-transferase, PKC 활성도를 조사하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 간 세포막의 콜레스테롤과 인지질 함량에 대한 C/PL ratio는 옥수수유군에서 발암물질 투여나 d-limonene의 섭취에 따른 효과가 없었으나 정어리 유군에서는 발암물질 투여시, d-limonene 섭취시 유의적인 감소를 나타내어 식이지방의 종류에 따라 발암물질과 d-limonene의 작용이 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Membrane fraction의 인지질 조성은 CL을 제외한 PE, PI, PG, PC, PS와 PE/PC ratio등 모두에 있어서 식이지방의 종류, 발암물질의 투여, d-liomnene섭취에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 세포막의 지방산 조성을 나타내는 n-6/n-3 ratio가 정어리유군에서 옥수수유군보다 유의적으로 낮았고, 옥수수유군에서는 발암물질 투여나 d-limonene의 섭취에 따라 유의적으로 증가했으나 정어리유군에서는 발암물질과 d-limonene에 의한 차이가 없었다. Cytosolic PKC의 활성은 식이지방의 종류와 발암물질 투여에 따른 차이는 없었고, d-limonene의 섭 취에 따라 유의적 감소를 나타냈으며, 막부착 PKC의 활성은 옥수수유군에서 유의적으로 높았고, d-limonene 섭취에 따라 감소 경향을 발암물질 투여에 따라서는 증가 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. GST활성은 식이 지방의 종류에 따른 차이는 없었으나 발암물질 투여와 d-limonene 섭취에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 발암물질과 d-limonene을 같이 공급시에 더욱 더 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과를 종합에 보면 암화과정에 일어나는 지방의 대사가 식이지방의 종류에 따라 차이를 보이며, 특히 정어리유군에서 d-limonene에 의한 C/PL ratio가 감소하여 막 유동성에 변화를 초래하고, 이에 따라 membrane bound enzyme의 활성에 변화를 가져오는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 식이지방의 종류가 암의 발생에 미치는 영향이 다르고, 막부착 PKC 활성도를 감소시켜 발암을 억제하는 효과가 있으며, 이 효과는 지방의 종류에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 최근 n-3 지방산이나 d-limonene이 PKC expression을 감소시키고, apopotosis 촉진 단백질의 발현을 증가시켜 tumor cell의 apoptosis를 증가시킨다고 하여 n-3 지방산과 d-limonene의 또 다른 발암억제기전을 설명하고 있다. 그러나 n-3 지방산과 d-limonene의 상호효과에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이므로 d-limonene과 n-3 지방산의 교호작용에 의한 발암억제 기전에 대해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다.

링크드 데이터를 이용한 인터랙티브 요리 비디오 질의 서비스 시스템 (An Interactive Cooking Video Query Service System with Linked Data)

  • 박우리;오경진;홍명덕;조근식
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.59-76
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    • 2014
  • 스마트 미디어 장치의 발달로 인하여 시공간적인 제약이 없이 비디오를 시청 가능한 환경이 제공됨에 따라 사용자의 시청행태가 수동적인 시청에서 능동적인 시청으로 계속해서 변화하고 있다. 사용자는 비디오를 시청하면서 비디오를 볼 뿐 아니라 관심 있는 내용에 대한 세부적인 정보를 검색한다. 그 결과 사용자와 미디어 장치간의 인터랙션이 주요 관심사로 등장하였다. 이러한 환경에서 사용자들은 일방적으로 정보를 제공해주는 것보다는 자신이 원하는 정보를 웹 검색을 통해 사용자 스스로 정보를 찾지 않고, 쉽고 빠르게 정보를 얻을 수 있는 방법의 필요성을 인식하게 되었으며 그에 따라 인터랙션을 직접 수행하는 것에 대한 요구가 증가하였다. 또한 많은 정보의 홍수 속에서 정확한 정보를 얻는 것이 중요한 이슈가 되었다. 이러한 사용자들의 요구사항을 만족시키기 위해 사용자 인터랙션 기능을 제공하고, 링크드 데이터를 적용한 시스템이 필요한 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 여러 분야 중에서 사람들이 가장 관심 있는 분야중 하나인 요리를 선택하여 문제점을 발견하고 개선하기 위한 방안을 살펴보았다. 요리는 사람들이 지속적인 관심을 갖는 분야이다. 레시피, 비디오, 텍스트와 같은 요리에 관련된 정보들이 끊임없이 증가하여 빅 데이터의 한 부분으로 발전하였지만 사용자와 요리 콘텐츠간의 인터랙션을 제공하는 방법과 기능이 부족하고, 정보가 부정확하다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 사용자들은 쉽게 요리 비디오를 시청할 수 있지만 비디오는 단 방향으로만 정보를 제공하기 때문에 사용자들의 요구사항을 충족시키기 어렵고, 검색을 통해 정확한 정보를 얻는 것이 어렵다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 요리 비디오 시청과 동시에 정보제공을 위한 UI(User Interface), UX(User Experience)를 통해 사용자의 편의성을 고려한 환경을 제시하고, 컨텍스트에 맞는 정확한 정보를 제공하기 위해 링크드 데이터를 이용하여 사용자와 비디오 간에 인터랙션을 위한 요리보조 서비스 시스템을 제안한다.

경혈정위 보조도구의 정확성 및 편의성 평가 연구 (A Study of Accuracy and Usability for Acupuncture Points Locating Devices)

  • 채윤병;강오석;함대현;이승호;김재순;김관형;김희영;이혜정;박히준
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.61-76
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Accurate and reproducible location of an acupuncture point (AP) have been considered an essential component of meaningful acupuncture research as well as clinical practice. Several kinds of devices have been developed and widely used for the convenience of locating APs. However, the accuracy and convenience of these devices have not been systematically evaluated. The present study was performed to find out the most suitable tools for the location accuracy and location easiness of APs among the devices respectively. Methods : Twenty subjects attempted to locate APs, including PC5 and SP6 in the arm and leg, using four different AP positioning methods: one Conventional Ruler method and three alternative methods including Cunometer, Transparent AP meter, and Elastic Ruler method. The position marked on each AP was plotted onto a thin, flexible, and transparent plastic film, and the dispersion rate of the positions was determined and recorded. The elapsed time for locating each AP was measured. After that each subject was answered to a short questionnaire regarding the degree of convenience and confidence of use of each method for AP location. Results : All of three alternative methods took less time than Conventional Ruler method did. Among these alternative methods, the accuracy of Elastic Ruler method was markedly higher than others. The degree of convenience of the Cunometer and the confidence of Elastic Ruler method were the highest among these alternative methods. Conclusions : The present study indicates that the Elastic Ruler method was the most compatible for the conventional Ruler methods. However, there are many factors need to be reconsidered. Improved devices for locating AP are imperatively needed for clinical practice.

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요통환자들의 성생활 행태와 영향 요인 조사 (A survey on sex life behavior and factors of low back pain)

  • 남철현;우광석
    • 대한물리치료과학회지
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.31-49
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    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate discomforts and sexual life and to identify the relation between the discomforts and sexual life with low back pain. The data were collected from March 2 through July 31, 2001. Four hundred forty-two questionnaires were returned (response rate=88.0%). Analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ and use descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA. regression. The statistics shows that over than 80% of the adults experienced lumbago at least one time in their life, and Back pain is known as one of the most common complaints made by the patients of all ages in the general hospital or local medical clinics throughout. However, in certain case it leads to a chronic condition which can cause a great deal of problems in management and in financial burden to individuals and society. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1) It appeared that regarding the distribution of gender, male was the higher(63.6%) then that of female, the portion of forties was 28.5%. Sitting for long time was 23.1% in men and 21.7% in women. Unknown reason including sexual behaviour was 12.9% in men and 15.5% in women. Patients treated medicine and physical therapy were 36.4%. In level of educational background, the rate of high school was 31.0%, technical college was 28.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 18.3% of office workers, occupation posture was 41.9% of sitting. 2) Men(26.0%) and most of women(34.8%) were not satisfied in the explanation satisfaction rate of sex life concerned disease. 23.8% in men and 23.6% in women considered flexibility of waist good. Man(33.3%) and most of woman(35.0%) considered that Health education is necessary. 32.7% in men and 27.3% in women did't mind educator is whoever. Preventing of lower back pain(LBP) and proper Health education of sex life are demanded in daily life. 3) 58.0% of man and 64.0% of woman mostly had a posture which is man over woman. 28.5% in men and 27.8% in women considered that proper information finding of LBP and sex life was very few and few. 37.7% in men and 42.7% in women have acquired information about sex life flung their friends. 4) The number of sex life was decreased from 2.96 0.98 to 2.61 1.63 and also the time of sex life was decreased from 3.65 1.89 to 226 1.64. The satisfaction rate of sex life changed from 3.60 0.86 to 2.77 1.10. In the number of sex life, The non correct group was 2.62 1.91 and the correct group was higher in 2.68 1.65. In the time of sex life, The non correct group was 2.02 1.47 and the correct group was higher in 229 1.65. The satisfaction rate of sex life was 2.76 0.86 in non correct group and 2.88 1.10 in correct group. So there was a difference. 5) In the satisfaction rate of sex life, Men who have a lower back pain were higher than women and no attack group was higher than attack group. As they had many sex life, the satisfaction rate was higher significantly in statistics. As the time of sex life was short, the satisfaction rate was lower significantly in statistics. As the age was low, the demand rate of Health education was high and as means of patient who had a lower back pain was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. As the patient who had a lower back pain had a long married life, the demand rate of Health education was high and as education level was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. It is necessary to provide patients with conservative treatment, educational teaching, and training to prevent further injuries in the future. In general, it is important to educate the public how to prevent back injuries and how to treat themselves in an onset period to prevent further injuries sliding into a chronic state. Sexuality is an integral part of normal and healthy relationships, but patients are unable to enjoy sex because they are riot able to get into a comfortable position due to back pain. Many conditions of the spine can make certain positions uncomfortable. Health educator should make the education program of the discomforts and the sexual pattern for low back pain in workplace and/or hospital. Further study Is needed on how to integrate the educational program on sexuality into the total rehabilitation program.

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취업유무에 따른 초산모의 배우자 지지와 역할긴장간의 관계 및 변화 (The Change and Relationship between Maternal Role Strain and Husband's Support in First-time Mothers with regard to their Employment Status)

  • 고효정
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.5-35
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    • 1998
  • This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.

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안면 골격 형태에 따른 하악 교합평면의 재구성 (INDIVIDUALIZED RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER OCCLUSAL PLANE ACCORDING TO SKELETAL PATTERN)

  • 현성욱
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.465-485
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    • 1995
  • 본 연구는 개별적 골격 형태에 따른 하악 교합평면의 적절한 위치를 찾아내기 위하여 시행하였다. Vertical dimension ratio(VDR)와 Lower occlusomandibular plane angle(LOM)과의 적절한 관계를 조사하기 위하여 대조군 234명, 부정교합군 358명, 치료군 358명의 두부방사선 계측사진을 연구 분석하였다. 대조군은 연령에 따라 두 그룹으로 나누었다. 14세 이하인 군이 121명이고 평균 연령은 10.82세였다. 18세가 넘는 군은 113명이고 평균연령은 23.76세였다. 부정교합군은 연령에 따라 세 그룹으로 나누었다. 14세 이하인 군은 274명이고 평균연령은 11.36세였다. 14세에서 18세 이하인 군은 54명이고 평균 연령은 15.4세였다. 18세가 넘는 군은 30명이고 평균연령은 21.35세였다. 치료군도 연령에 따라 세 그룹으로 나누었다. 14세 이하인 군은 145명이고 평균연령은 12.91세였고, 14세에서 18세 이하인 군은 166명이고, 평균연령은 15.64세였다. 18세가 넘는 군은 47명이고 평균연령은 21.61 세였다. 상기 표본의 두부방사선 계측사진의 투사도를 작성하였고 그 결과는 본 연구를 위해 작성된 program을 이용하여 각도, 거리, 백분율항목을 각각 $0.01^{\circl}$, 0.01mm, 0.01%까지 계측하여 486 DX.P.C에 기록되었다. 모든 계측항목에 대하여 군별 평균 및 표준편차를 구하였다. 또한 관심있는 항목간의 상관계수 및 그 상관계수에 대한 유의성 검정 및 변수 간, 군간 one-way ANOVA 및 t-test를 시행하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 토대로 골격 형태에 따른 교합평면의 적절한 위치를 심도 있게 연구하기 위하여 대조군과 치료군 중에서 overbite 1-3mm, overjet 1-3mm, curve of Spee 1.75mm 이하를 만족시키는 표본을 선택하여 Optimal occlusion group이라 명명하였다. 이 군의 표본의 수는 187명이었고 대조군에서 83명, 치료군에서 104명이 선택되었다. 이 군을 다시 연령, 전후방적 골격 형태에 따라서 군을 세분화 시키고 각 군별로 VDR과 LOM에 대하여 회귀분석을 시행하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수직적 골격 형태를 표현하는 여러 계측항목간의 상관관계는 매우 높았으나 수직적 골격 형태를 표현하는 어떠한 단일 계측항목도 전치부 수직피개정도를 정확히 표현하지는 않았다. 2. 수직적 골격 형태를 표현하는 여러 계측항목중에서 LOM과 가장 높은 상관관계를 보이는 항목은 VDR이었다. 3. 전체 표본에서 VDR의 수치에 관계없이 정상범위의 수직피개량을 갖고있는 표본의 분포는 80% 이상이었다. 4. Optimal occlusion group을 연령과 전후방적 골격 형태에 따라 9개 subgroup으로 나누고 각 군의 VDR과 LOM간의 상관계수 및 결정계수를 구하였는데 전 군에서 상관계수는 0.8 이상, 결정계수는 0.7 이상이었다. 5. 각 Subgroup마다 VDR에 따라 알맞은 LOM을 구하기 위한 회귀방정식을 유도하였다. 6. 진단과 치료계획을 수립하는데 교합평면 경사도의 평균치 자체는 큰 의미가 없으며 골격 형태에 적합한 개별적인 교합평면의 위치설정이 중요하다.

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소셜 미디어에서 정보공유를 위한 애착의 매개역할: 사회적 자본이론 관점 (Mediating Roles of Attachment for Information Sharing in Social Media: Social Capital Theory Perspective)

  • 정남호;한희정;구철모
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.101-123
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    • 2012
  • Currently, Social Media, it has widely a renown keyword and its related social trends and businesses have been fastly applied into various contexts. Social media has become an important research area for scholars interested in online technologies and cyber space and their social impacts. Social media is not only including web-based services but also mobile-based application services that allow people to share various style information and knowledge through online connection. Social media users have tendency to common identity- and bond-attachment through interactions such as 'thumbs up', 'reply note', 'forwarding', which may have driven from various factors and may result in delivering information, sharing knowledge, and specific experiences et al. Even further, almost of all social media sites provide and connect unknown strangers depending on shared interests, political views, or enjoyable activities, and other stuffs incorporating the creation of contents, which provides benefits to users. As fast developing digital devices including smartphone, tablet PC, internet based blogging, and photo and video clips, scholars desperately have began to study regarding diverse issues connecting human beings' motivations and the behavioral results which may be articulated by the format of antecedents as well as consequences related to contents that people create via social media. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or Cyworld users are more and more getting close each other and build up their relationships by a different style. In this sense, people use social media as tools for maintain pre-existing network, creating new people socially, and at the same time, explicitly find some business opportunities using personal and unlimited public networks. In terms of theory in explaining this phenomenon, social capital is a concept that describes the benefits one receives from one's relationship with others. Thereby, social media use is closely related to the form and connected of people, which is a bridge that can be able to achieve informational benefits of a heterogeneous network of people and common identity- and bonding-attachment which emphasizes emotional benefits from community members or friend group. Social capital would be resources accumulated through the relationships among people, which can be considered as an investment in social relations with expected returns and may achieve benefits from the greater access to and use of resources embedded in social networks. Social media using for their social capital has vastly been adopted in a cyber world, however, there has been little explaining the phenomenon theoretically how people may take advantages or opportunities through interaction among people, why people may interactively give willingness to help or their answers. The individual consciously express themselves in an online space, so called, common identity- or bonding-attachments. Common-identity attachment is the focus of the weak ties, which are loose connections between individuals who may provide useful information or new perspectives for one another but typically not emotional support, whereas common-bonding attachment is explained that between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationship such as family and close friends. The common identify- and bonding-attachment are mainly studying on-offline setting, which individual convey an impression to others that are expressed to own interest to others. Thus, individuals expect to meet other people and are trying to behave self-presentation engaging in opposite partners accordingly. As developing social media, individuals are motivated to disclose self-disclosures of open and honest using diverse cues such as verbal and nonverbal and pictorial and video files to their friends as well as passing strangers. Social media context, common identity- and bond-attachment for self-presentation seems different compared with face-to-face context. In the realm of social media, social users look for self-impression by posting text messages, pictures, video files. Under the digital environments, people interact to work, shop, learn, entertain, and be played. Social media provides increasingly the kinds of intention and behavior in online. Typically, identity and bond social capital through self-presentation is the intentional and tangible component of identity. At social media, people try to engage in others via a desired impression, which can maintain through performing coherent and complementary communications including displaying signs, symbols, brands made of digital stuffs(information, interest, pictures, etc,). In marketing area, consumers traditionally show common-identity as they select clothes, hairstyles, automobiles, logos, and so on, to impress others in any given context in a shopping mall or opera. To examine these social capital and attachment, we combined a social capital theory with an attachment theory into our research model. Our research model focuses on the common identity- and bond-attachment how they are formulated through social capitals: cognitive capital, structural capital, relational capital, and individual characteristics. Thus, we examined that individual online kindness, self-rated expertise, and social relation influence to build common identity- and bond-attachment, and the attachment effects make an impact on both the willingness to help, however, common bond seems not to show directly impact on information sharing. As a result, we discover that the social capital and attachment theories are mainly applicable to the context of social media and usage in the individual networks. We collected sample data of 256 who are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Cyworld and analyzed the suggested hypotheses through the Structural Equation Model by AMOS. This study analyzes the direct and indirect relationship between the social network service usage and outcomes. Antecedents of kindness, confidence of knowledge, social relations are significantly affected to the mediators common identity-and bond attachments, however, interestingly, network externality does not impact, which we assumed that a size of network was a negative because group members would not significantly contribute if the members do not intend to actively interact with each other. The mediating variables had a positive effect on toward willingness to help. Further, common identity attachment has stronger significant on shared information.

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북한 여성들의 탈북동기와 생활실태 - 중국 연변지역의 탈북 여성들을 중심으로 - (A Study on the Motive of Escape from the North Korea and the Life Situation of Female Fugitives in China - based on the Interview with North Korean Female Refugees in Yenben Province -)

  • 문숙재;김지희;이명근
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제38권5호
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    • pp.137-152
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    • 2000
  • North Korean fugitives is one of various nominations referring to the North Koreans who have secretly crossed the territorial border of their country. It is a new terminology that huts gained wider usage in our society as we entered the 1990s. North Koreans list various motives for escaping their county, such as food shortage and disillusionment of belief in the system. Most of the forced repatriation of North Korean escapees takes place in China. The purpose of this study examines the family knife of female fugitives from North Korea in order to provide pertinent alterntives which are needed to secure basic human right of the female fugitives and enable them to keep stability of their family lives and to adapt themselves into new socio-cultural circumstances in China. For this, the preliminary survey performed to examine the demographic characteristics on the female fugitives; to find out the incentives and channels of their escape out of North Korea; to investigate what types of family life and family relationship they manage in China; to grasp their problems and need of family life in adaptation into Chinese society. The specific questions for grasping the general characteristics of the female fugitives are composed of age, education level residential district in North Korea. In order to find out main causes and influential factors of their escape from North Korea, the following questions are included: what the most important incentives and motives are; the frequency of escape; and whether they discuss their escape with their family or not. The questions to find out their present actual life situations in China are about difficult things to adjust in China, family life, relationship with husband, and their conversational diction, the degree of their mastering the chinese language, the degree of their adaptation to chinese way of living, and so forth, which reveal to what extent they are adapted themselves to new cultural situation in China. This study collected the data through face-to-face personal interview from July to October, 1999 Yenben province along the China-North Korea border. Data from 202 female fugitives were used in final analysis. This study uses the SAS PC program for windows, Ver, 6.12 to analyze the data such as the distribution of frequency, percentage, mean and so on. The results from this analysis are follows; the most principal motive of North Korean women's escape to china is to eat to live because of famine. Concerning the year when the fugitives escape from North Korea, all of the interviewees haute escaped since 1990. After escape their continual contact with their family in North Korea, 81.7% of the respondent have not been in touch with their family. The main reasons for their not contacting with their family in North Korea are that it is not helpful although they contacts with their family. Female fugitives from North Korea have difficulties in life. They have rather stable relationship to their husband, but they have experienced difficulties in other aspects of family life. Their main difficulties are largely from their relationships to husbands'family members, and from the problems relate to their family in North Korea, and their children. Based on this study, further research has to present supportive policies that help North Korean female escapees live without being deprived and protect their human rights. And the development of practical program to help their efficient social adaptation has to be continued without stop together.

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일 지역 성인의 고혈압 유병률 및 관리 실태 (A Study on the Prevalence Rate of Hypertension and the Actual Conditions of Control)

  • 김현옥
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.154-172
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    • 1999
  • In order to analyse the prevalence rate of hypertension and the actual conditions of control, we selected five districts out of eleven eups and myuns in Chinan Country. We administered structured questionaries to 309 adults above the age of 40, computerized the data using SPSS - PC+. More than 40.1% of adults over 40 in Chinan County have health disorders ranging from high blood pressure to hypertension including alert high blood pressure at 36.2%, relatively high. Among general characteristics, differences in the rate of hypertension were influenced by age, occupation and places of residence. Over 71 who are engaged in agriculture, who don't have jobs, who reside in Sungsu, Jungchun, Chinan-eup all have higher hypertension rates than other groups. Accordingly, the control of hypertension should be focused on these people. As a result of the control of blood pressure, the survey showed 93.0% of the subjects were checked mainly at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers and community health posts more than once a year, relatively high level of blood pressure management. However, the difference between their blood pressure measurements at ordinary times and the level of blood pressure at the time of research was quite considerable. Only 47.3% of the subjects diagnosed with high blood pressure and 70.3% of the subjects with normal blood pressure recognized their blood pressure accurately 52.7% of the subjects diagnosed with high blood pressure showed errors in understanding their blood pressure at normal times. Because these errors can cause problems in the control of blood pressure, proper management should be executed through a systematic examination. As a result of the high blood pressure control condition, the average period of hypertension was 74.5( ${\pm}92.8$) months, 92.3% of the subjects were diagnosed with high blood pressure at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers community health posts, but only 29.5% were examined after a general check up on high blood pressure was completed. 70.5% were diagnosed with high blood pressure only after measuring their blood pressure. 14.1% of the subjects were hospitalized because of falls influenced by high blood pressure. 33.3% attended hospitals and health centers regularily for medical treatment and this shows how low the rate of the control of blood pressure. Most people did not undergo medical treatment, because they had no painful symptoms (46.7%), they didn't need to take the medicine(28.9%), or they forget to take the medicine(20.0%). These problems in the control of hypertension were discovered in the process of diagnosing high blood pressure at health medical institutions. Many people did not recognize the need for consistent control of blood pressure. That is, although the diagnosis for high blood pressures performed at hospitals clinics, health centers subhealth centers and community health posts, was 92.3%, more than 70.5% of the subjects were not examined completely with regard to blood pressure. Accordingly, heath medical institutions must diagnose high blood pressure not only by only measuring blood pressure but also by using systematic process of examination. As for the people diagnosed with high blood pressure, one should perform consistent medical approaches and help them to recognize the importance of the continuous control of blood pressure through subject-oriented education. Problems the subjects experienced were the following numbness in the limbs easily paralyzed stitches in their shoulders which felt painful, stiff necks, occiputs felt heavy, headaches when they got up in the morning, felt dizzy when standing and moving their heads and poor eyesight. The rate of knowledge related to high blood pressure was 78.7 points, comparatively low. Whether they had normal blood pressure or hypertension made no difference. These results are not desirable. Adult-oriented education forgot the prevention and management of high blood pressure should be implemented. Hypertensive-oriented education should be especially reinforced. Because there was a difference in the level of knowledge according to age, academic career, occupation or place of residence, education related to hypertension should be intensified and focused on those over the age of 71 those who did not attend school, those who do not have jobs and are engaged in agriculture and residents living in Bugui, Jungchun regions. The degree of healthy life practice in hypertensives is poor, particularly weight control, as opposed to people who have normal blood pressure. It makes no difference in smoking, the amount of daily smoking, drinking, the control of salt because each result means that they are not practicing healthy life or modifying their life-style. The development and programs to improve a healthy life should be executed.

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건설 현장 악력 작업안전 기준 설정에 관한 실험적 연구 (An Experimental Study on Establishing Criteria of Gripping Work in Construction Site)

  • 손기상;이인홍;최만진;안병준
    • 한국안전학회지
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.81-95
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    • 1995
  • Now, safety assurance in construction sites should be accomplished by its own organization rather than control of the code or government. It is believed that the safety assurance can be considerably improved by a lecture or an education using the existing theories or literatures up to now, but it is thought that fundamental safety assurance we not able to be accomplished without developing safety devices '||'&'||' equipment or taking fundamental measures, based on the result analyzed from workers behaviors. There are various behaviors of the workers showed in construction site, but only tests for hammerusing works such as form, re-bar, stone workers directly related to the grip strength are mainly performed, investigated and measured here for the study. The above works are similar to power grip, 7th picture on seven items which are categorized for hand grip types(Ammermin 1956 ; Jones ; Kobrick 1958). Measurements of grip strength are commonly taken in anthropometric surveys. They are easy to administer but unfortunately it is rather dubious whether they yield any data that are of interest to the engineer. Very fewer controls of tools are grasped and squeesed studies showed very little overall correlation between grip strength and other measures of bodily strength (Laubach, Kromer, and Thordsen 1972), but hammer-using work which is practically progressed in construction site are mainly influenced with grip strength. According to the investigation on work measurement, it is shown that 77% of form worker are using hammer to be related to grip strength. In this study, it is particularly noticed that wearing safety gloves in construction site is required for workers safety but 20% difference between grip strength with safety gloves and without ones are commonly neglected in the site(Fig. 1). Nevertheless, safety operation with consideration of the above 20% difference is not considered in the construction site. Factors of age, kinds of work, working time, with or without safety gloves are in vestigated '||'&'||' collected at the sites for this study. Test, not at each working hour but at 14 : 00 when the almost all of the workers think the most tired, resulting from the questionaires, also when it is shown on the research report has been performed and compared for main kinds of works : form '||'&'||' re-bar work. Tests were performed with both left SE rightand of the workers simultaneously in construction site using Rand Dynamometer(Model 78010, Lafayette Instrument Co., Indiana, U.S.A) by reading grip strength on the gauge while they are pulling, and then by interviewing on their ages, works, experiences and etc., directly. The above tests have been performed for the dates of 15th march-26th May '95 with consideration of site condition. And even if various factors of ambient temperature on the testing date, working condition, individual worker's habit and worker's condition of the previous ate are concerned with the study. Those are considered as constants in this study. Samples are formwork 53, rebar 62, electrician 5, plumber 4, welding 1 from D construction Co., Ltd, ; formwork 12, re-bar 5, electrician 2, from S construction Co., Ltd, , formwork 78, re-bar 18, plumber 31, electrician 13, labor 48, plumber 31, plasterer 15, concrete placer 6, water proof worker 3, maisony 5 from B construction Co., Ltd. As In the previously mentioned, main aspect to be investigated in this study will be from '||'&'||' re-bar work because grip strength will be directly applied to these two kinds of works ; form '||'&'||' re-bar work, eventhough there are total 405 samples taken. It is thought that a frequency of accident occurrence will be mainly two work postures "looking up '||'&'||' looking down" to be mainly sorted, but this factor is not clarified in this study because It will be needed a lot of work more. Tests has been done at possible large scale of horizontally work-extended sites within one hour in order to prevent or decrease errors '||'&'||' discrepancies from time lag of the test. Additionally, the statistical package computer program SPSS PC+has been used for the study.

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