• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Ocular alkali burns cause severe damage to the ocular tissues and vision loss. Solcoseryl is a standardized calf blood extract that normalizes the metabolic disturbance and aids in maintaining the chemical and hormonal balance and has been used to treat burns in various tissues. This study examined the effects of Solcoseryl on a rat corneal alkali burn model. Materials and Methods Twenty rats were assigned randomly to four equal groups, including alkali burn, hyaluronic acid, Solcoseryl eyedrop, and Solcoseryl gel. A corneal alkali burn was induced by a NaOH-soaked paper disc. The treatments were given twice a day, every day. The wound area was measured after 24 and 48 hours, and the degree of neovascularization and corneal opacity were scored every week. The rats were sacrificed after three weeks for immunohistochemistry (IHC) to compare the level of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The thickness of the retinal layers was compared to observe any changes in the retina. Results The use of Solcoseryl on corneal alkali burn accelerated wound healing with less neovascularization, greater opacity, and less cataract. IHC showed that the inflammation of the cornea was controlled by both the hyaluronic acid and Solcoseryl treatments. On the other hand, the inflammation had spread to the retina. When the dosage forms were compared, eyedrops were more effective on corneal inflammation, while the gel-type had a greater effect on retinal inflammation. Conclusion Solcoseryl was effective in accelerating the wound healing rate on a corneal alkali burn but could not prevent the spread of inflammation from the cornea to the retina. Eyedrops were more effective on inflammation in the cornea, and the gel was more effective in the retina.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.161-169
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• 2008

Purpose: To better understand the corneal regeneration after alkali burn regarding the initial clinical progression and the therapy, we investigated the changes of the multi factors following chemical injury in cornea. Methods: This study was performed to observation on the healing process of alkali burned cornea in aspect of immunohistochemistry by immunofluorescence or H-E staining and TUNEL assay. Results: The results showed that although a healing process occurred after alkali burn, apoptosis of epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells in the cornea was continuously observed. Neovascularization and expression of ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin (${\alpha}$-SMA) from limbus and from injured cornea, respectively, were observed after 3 days of alkali burn. Formation of collagen III in corneal stroma and increased expression of chondroitin sulfate are coincident with expression of ${\alpha}$-SMA and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$). Conclusions: These data suggest that medical treatment within 3 days of alkali burn will be effective to inhibit neovascularization and formation of collagen III and chondroitin sulfate. This study extends our immumohistochemical understanding of healing process in alkali burned cornea, and the results get in this study will be cornerstones in the development of therapeutic agent for accelerating renewal of chemical damaged cornea.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.800-805
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• 2009

This study investigated the effect of subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, on processes involved in corneal wound healing after alkali burn injury. Mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 was the saline-treated control, group 2 received subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab 1hr after injury and group 3 received bevacizumab 1 hr and 4 days after injury. Cornea neovascularization and opacity were observed using a slit lamp microscope. Corneal repair was assessed through histological analysis and immunostaining for CD31, $\alpha$-SMA, collagen I, and TGF-$\beta$2 7 days post-injury. In group 3, injection of bevacizumab significantly lowered neovascularization and improved corneal transparency. Immunostaining analysis demonstrated a reduction in CD31, $\alpha$-SMA and TGF-$\beta$2 levels in stroma compared to group 1. These results indicate that bevacizumab may be useful in reducing neovascularization and improving corneal transparency following corneal alkali burn injury by accelerating regeneration of the basement membrane.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.618-623
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• 2015

FK506 binding protein 12 (FK506BP) is a small peptide with a single FK506BP domain that is involved in suppression of immune response and reactive oxygen species. FK506BP has emerged as a potential drug target for several inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined the protective effects of directly applied cell permeable FK506BP (PEP-1-FK506BP) on corneal alkali burn injury (CAI). In the cornea, there was a significant decrease in the number of cells expressing pro-inflammation, apoptotic, and angiogenic factors such as TNF-α, COX-2, and VEGF. Both corneal opacity and corneal neovascularization (CNV) were significantly decreased in the PEP-1-FK506BP treated group. Our results showed that PEP-1-FK506BP can significantly inhibit alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation in rats, possibly by accelerating corneal wound healing and by reducing the production of angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for CAI.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2020

Purpose: Due to rapid changes in the industrial structure in last decade, the wider various types of chemical agents were introduced. Burn surgeons should be well-informed with rapid changes of chemical burns. We present the recent incidence trends of causing agents of chemical burns. Methods: From 2010 to 2019, 92 chemical burn victims were included in this study. A retrospective study was made about the type, distribution and incidence of the causing agents of chemical burns. Initial treatments of most chemical burn wounds are copious saline irrigation by tap water, except hydrofluoric acid burn cases managed by 10% calcium gluconate injection. In alkali chemical burns on extremity, if thin eschars appear in postburn 2~3 days, acute early surgical escharectomy and split thickness skin graft were done. Results: More than 9 types of major chemicals causing chemical burns were surveyed, and the most common causing agent of chemical burns was Hydrofluoric acid (23.9%) followed by Acetic acid (19.6%) and Sodium hydroxide (8.7%). Conclusion: From 2010 to 2019, changes in the causing agent of chemical burns are that the types of major causing agents of chemical burns have increased and the distribution and incidence of causing agents have changed compared to previous reports. According to this study, more than 9 types of major chemicals causing chemical burns were surveyed, and the most common causing agent of chemical burns was Hydrofluoric acid (23.9%) followed by Acetic acid, Sodium hydroxide.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.803-808
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• 2010

Poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid (${\gamma}$-PGA) is a natural edible polypeptide in which glutamate is polymerized via ${\gamma}$-amide linkages. First, we assessed the eye irritancy potential of ${\gamma}$-PGA in rabbits. Additionally, we studied the effects of ${\gamma}$-PGA on corneal wound healing, due to the anti-inflammatory properties and water retaining abilities of ${\gamma}$-PGA. In this study, the effects of ${\gamma}$-PGA on corneal wound healing after an alkali burn were evaluated. Thirty eyes wounded by alkali burning in 30 white rabbits were divided into three groups: group A was treated with 0.1% 5,000 kDa ${\gamma}$-PGA for 2 days; group B was treated with 0.1% hyaluronic acid; and group C was not treated, as a control. The area of corneal epithelial defect was examined at 12, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h after corneal alkali wounding to determine initial wound healing. We found that ${\gamma}$-PGA promoted corneal wound healing, compared with controls, and showed similar effects to hyaluronic acid. These results indicate that ${\gamma}$-PGA stimulates corneal wound healing by an anti-inflammatory effect and enhancing cell migration and cell proliferation. ${\gamma}$-PGA is a promising biomaterial that may be a substitute for hyaluronic acid in corneal wound healing treatment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.467-472
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• 2008

Antarctic krill has a strong proteolytic enzyme system, which comes from a combination of several proteases. This powerful activity can be easily detected by krill's superior post mortem autolysis. Mammalian skin consists of epidermis and dermal connective tissue, and functions as a barrier against threatening environments. A clot in a wound site of the skin should be removed for successful skin regeneration. Epithelial cells secrete proteases to dissolve the clot. In previous studies Antarctic krill proteases were purified and characterized. The proteolytic enzymes from Antarctic krill showed higher activity than mammalian enzymes. It has been suggested that these krill clean up the necrotic skin wound to induce a natural healing ability. The enzymes exhibited additional possibilities for several other biomedical applications, including dental plaque controlling agent and healing agent for corneal alkali burn. Considering that these versatile activities come from a mixture of several enzymes, discovering other proteolytic enzymes could be another feasible way to enhance the activity if they can be used together with krill enzymes. Molecular cloning of the krill proteases should be carried out to study and develop the applications. This review introduces possible roles of the unique Antarctic krill proteases, with basic information and suggestion for the development of an application to skin regeneration.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 2013

Calcium hydroxide root canal filing paste (vitapex) is widely used as canal filling paste for infected canal. However, chemical burn is possible because of the high alkali base of calcium hydroxide. A 57-year old woman was admitted to our clinic for consistent dull pain and paresthesia in the left upper lip, zygoma and buccal cheek area, which developed during an endodontic treatment of the left lateral incisor. Radiographic finding showed radiopaque material, which exits from the left incisor root apex, and was within the left canine and first premolar buccal soft tissue. The overfilled Vitapex extended to the soft tissue was surgically curetted. The result of the surgical curettage was favorable. Though slight hypoesthesia on the upper lip was still remained, paresthesia on zygomatic and buccal cheek area was completely recovered. As far as we know, this is the first case report of infraorbital nerve damage from overfilled Vitapex material.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is involved in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. However, its role in lymphangiogenesis has been unknown. Here, we tested whether downregulation of DDR1 expression by miR-199a/b can suppress lymphangiogenesis. We also aimed to identify miRNA target site(s) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of DDR1. Transfection with miR-199a/b-5p mimics reduced expression of DDR1 and tube formation in primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells, whereas miR-199a/b-5p inhibitors showed the opposite effects. Critically, injection of miR-199a/b-5p mimics suppressed DDR1 expression and lymphangiogenesis in a corneal alkali-burn rat model. The three well-conserved seed matched sites for miR-199a/b-5p in the DDR1 3'-UTR were targeted, and miRNA binding to at least two sites was required for DDR1 inhibition. Our data suggest that DDR1 promotes enhanced lymphangiogenesis during eye injury, and miR-199a/b-5p suppresses this activity by inhibiting DDR1 expression. Thus, this miRNA may be useful for the treatment of lymphangiogenesis-related eye diseases.