• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2000

There are several candidate genes in genetic study of alcoholism. Among them, allelic associations have been reported between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and alcohol dependence, recently. And also, several studies have been investigated genotype-phenotype relationships between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and clinical manifestations. The authors tried to identify differences in allelic frequency of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism between alcohol dependence and controls, and in behavioral trait and clinical characteristics according to MAOA CA repeat polymorphism. We also tried to investigate genotype-phenotype relationships between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and behavioral trait such as aggression. We examined 49 male patients with alcohol dependence(DSM-IV) who had been admitted in Yong-In Mental Hospital from June 1st 1998 to October 31th 1998. We performed semistructured interview for demographic and clinical characteristics. Self-report questionnaire for BDHI(Buss-Durkey Hostility Inventory) was given to all subject at least 4weeks later after admission. Using polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, MAOA CA repeat polymorphism were observed in 52 male controls and 49 male patients with alcohol dependence. We devided alcoholic patients into two groups according to allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism ; alcoholics with short alleles(${\leq}$119bp, N=20) and alcoholics with long alleles(${\geq}$123bp, N=29). T-test, ${\chi}^2$-test and Fisher exact probability test were used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in frequency of each allele and short and long alleles of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism between alcoholics and controls. But there were significant differences in clinical symptoms and behavioral trait between alcoholics with short and long alleles. In clinical symptoms, alcoholics with long alleles used alcohol more frequently during one month before admission, had much more maximum amount of beer drinking and reported withdrawal seizure more frequently than with short alleles. In contrary, alcoholics with short alleles expressed depressed mood and guilty feeling more frequently and wanted complete abstinence as a treatment goal more frequently than with long alleles. In behavioral trait, alcoholics with long alleles had higher total aggression score and showed much more self-assertive attitude(subscale of expression of aggression) than with short alleles. Allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism was correlated with self-assertive attitude and accounted for 9% of the variance of self-assertive attitude. And also, predictable variables of allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism were drinking frequency and self-assertive attitude. Our findings suggest that MAOA CA repeat polymorphism may provide some behavior modifying role especially in self-assertive attitude and indirect symptom modifying role in Korean male alcoholics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2007

In this study, $SiO_2/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl$ alcohol)(EVOH) hybrid coating materials with gas barrier property could be produced using sol-gel method. The biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) substrate with surface pretreatment was coated with the prepared hybrid sols containing various inorganic silicate component by a spin coating method. Crystallization behavior of the hybrids was investigated in terms of analysis of X-ray diffraction and cooling thermogram from DSC experiment. From the morphological observation of the $SiO_2/EVOH$ hybrid gel, it was confirmed that there existed an optimum content of inorganic silicate precursor, Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), to produce hybrid materials with dense microstructure, exhibiting uniformly dispersed silica particles with average size below 100 nm. When TEOS was added at below or above the optimum content, particle clusters with large domain were observed, resulting in phase separation. This morphological result was found to be in good agreement with that of oxygen permeability of the hybrid coated films. In the case of film coated with hybrid prepared from addition of 0.01 - 0.02mol of TEOS, a remarkable improvement in barrier property could be obtained, however, with the addition of TEOS more than 0.04 mol, the barrier property was dramatically reduced because of phase separation and micro-crack formation on the film surface.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of 2.9% hydrogen peroxide strip with primer gel of alkaline condition and containing metallic salts as catalyst in-vitro. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) disk was made by compressing and sintering 0.3 g of mixture of HAP powder and polyvinyl alcohol. This HAP disk was stained using modified Stookey's methods. Main bleaching materials were 2.9% hydrogen peroxide strips and the primer gel containing metallic salts as catalyst and pH controller. Stained HAP disks were allocated to each control or experimental groups by color grade. Stained HAP disks were treated for 30 minutes in $37^{\circ}C/80%$ incubator for wetting, then each primer gel according to control or each test group was spread and strips were attached. After 30 minutes for each group strips were detached and HAP disks were washed, dried then color was measured by colorimeter. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing ${\Delta}L$ values of HAP disks at baseline and after treated. Among some kinds of metallic salts for as catalyst, ferric chloride showed best improvement of efficacy and it was statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to control group. Evaluating whitening efficacy according to various pH of primer, efficacy using primer of alkaline condition was increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to control and primers of acidic or neutral conditions. Evaluating whitening efficacy for time course, efficacy of test group for 30 minutes was similar to that of control for 120 minutes. It can be concluded that 2.9% hydrogen peroxide strips using with primer of alkaline condition and containing ferric chloride showed significantly increased whitening efficacy compared to the case of strips only.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.263-270
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• 1989

Aluminum alkoxide, $Al(OC_3H_7\^i)_3\;and\;Al(OC_4H_9^s)_3$, were synthesized using aluminum sheet and corresponding alcohols to prepare various phase alumina in high purity. Aluminum hydroxides were prepared by hydrolysis of synthesized Al-alkoxides and from reagent $AlCl_3$. The catalytic properties of ${\gamma}$ and ${\eta}-Al_2O_3$ prepared at various temperatures were investigated and the reaction kinetics of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ formation from $Al(OH)_3$ was considered.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1997

A potential biocontrol bacterium, YB-70 was isolated from a rhizosphere in suppressive soil and identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. In several biochemical and in vitro antibiosis tests on Fusarium solani with the culture filterates from B. subtilis YB-70, we found that antifungal mechanism of B. subtilis YB-70 was mediated by antibiotic substances produced from the bacterium. These antifungal substances were appeared to be hear-resistant, micromolecular, and ethy alcohol soluble. Antifungal agents produced by B. subtilis YB-70 showed strong inhibified against root-rotting fungi F. solani in in vivo pot test. An antifungal substance. YBS-1s, was purified from the culture broth of B. subtilis YB-70 by isoelectronic precipitation, silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography analysis by Fab-MASS, $^{1}$H-NMR, $^{13}$C-NMR, DEPT, and amino acid analyzer revealed that the YBS-1A was a peptide antibiotics of iturin class containing seven amino acids from five different groups, and the other(YBS-1B) was an analogue of iturin group composed of 11 amino acids with larher molecular weight of about 1, 500 dalton, which was lager than that of iturin A.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 1993

The effect of sugar alcohols in the preparation of acceptable low methoxyl pectin(LMP) jellies were studied. Sensory scores analysis, Hunter's color parameters and texture profile analysis using universal testing machine were performed. The composition of sweetners used in this study were 100％ sucrose, 75％ sucrose and 25％ maltitol, 50％ sucrose and 50％ maltitol, and 50% sucrose, 25％ maltitol, 12.5％ sorbitol'and 12.5% mannitol. LMP jellies with 100％ sucrose showed the strongest sweetness among them. Other sensory characteristics of LMP jellies were regarded as same. Hunter's value of lightness, redness and yellowness of 100％ sucrose jellies and jellies substituted with maltitol up to 25％ were not significantly different, but those of LMP jellies substituted with 50％ sugar alcohols were higher(p<0.01) than other 3 types of jellies. As substitution ratio was increased, springiness and chewiness were lower(p<0.01). Fracturability(p<0.01) and hardness(p<0.05) of jellies made of 100% sucrose and 75％, sucrose and 25% maltitol showed higer value than the other jellies. Springiness of jelles sweetened with sucrose and 3 sugar alcohols was the highest(p<0.05). Replacement of sucrose by sugar alcohol did not influenced on gumminess and cohesiveness of LMP jellies.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.10.1-10.10
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• 2016

Background: Airag, alcoholic sour-tasting beverage, has been traditionally prepared by Mongolian nomads who naturally ferment fresh mares' milk. Biochemical and microbiological compositions of airag samples collected in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and physiological characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria were investigated. Methods: Protein composition and biochemical composition were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria were identified based on nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene. Carbohydrate fermentation, acid survival, bile resistance and acid production in skim milk culture were determined. Results: Equine whey proteins were present in airag samples more than caseins. The airag samples contained 0.10-3.36 % lactose, 1.44-2.33 % ethyl alcohol, 1.08-1.62 % lactic acid and 0.12-0.22 % acetic acid. Lactobacillus (L.) helveticus were major lactic acid bacteria consisting of 9 isolates among total 18 isolates of lactic acid bacteria. L. helveticus survived strongly in PBS, pH 3.0 but did not grow in MRS broth containing 0.1 % oxgall. A couple of L. helveticus isolates lowered pH of skim milk culture to less than 4.0 and produced acid up to more than 1.0 %. Conclusion: Highly variable biochemical compositions of the airag samples indicated inconsistent quality due to natural fermentation. Airag with low lactose content should be favorable for nutrition, considering that mares' milk with high lactose content has strong laxative effect. The isolates of L. helveticus which produced acid actively in skim milk culture might have a major role in production of airag.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1999

Response Surface Methodology was applied for optimizing the processing parameters of ultrasound treatment in order to produce low-molecular alginate. The use of ultrasound significantly reduced viscosity of alginate solutions. Suggested parameters of ultrasound treatment for maximum reduction of alginate molecular weight were: specific intensity, 115.81 $W/cm^2$ at 20kHz frequency; treatment time, 35.55 min; temperature, $20.08^{\circ}C$; alginate concentration, $2.5\%$. Low-molecular alginate obtained by ultrasound had two peaks on Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration. The viscosities of control, fraction I, and fraction II at $0.1\%$ concentration and $25^{\circ}C$ were 3.07, 1.23, and 0.82cps, respectively. Molecular weights of control, fraction I, and fraction II alginates were 336,500, 70,400, and 52,800 daltons, and their solubilities were 3, 6, and $14\%$, respectively. The lower molecular weight of alginate, the lower the alcohol precipitation and the higher $Ca^{2+}$ ion binding capacities. Heavy metal ion binding capacities of alginates were high in the following order of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Co.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-49
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• 2001

Nitrite scavenging activity of a methanol extract of Symphyocladia latiuscula was studied. The methanol extract scavenged the nitrite in a dose-dependent manner. The MeOH extract was then sequentially partitioned with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, n-BuOH and $H_2O$. The scavenging activity of the fractions increased in order of $CH_2Cl_2$, n-hexane, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$. Especially, the activity of the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction was comparable to that of L-ascorbic acid. Column chromatography of the most active $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction over silica gel yielded three active bromophenol congeners (1-3) which were identified as (2R)-2-(2,3,6-tribromo 4,5-dihydro­xybenzyl) cyclohexanone (1), 2,3,6-tribromo 4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (2), and 2,3,6­tribromo 4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (3) respectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to identify the intensive care unit nurses' knowledge of and compliance with the standard precautions (universal precaution) as stated in infection control guidelines. Method: From September 14 to September 28, 2006, data were collected via a questionnaire survey from 189 Intensive Care Unit nurses working at three university branch hospitals and one general hospital in Gyeonggi province. Results: The mean knowledge score was 18.8/20.0 (93.9%). The mean compliance score was 3.4/4.0 (85.8%). Two factors influencing compliance were perception of the standard precautions and experience of needle stick injuries over the past year (p<.05). Two factors influencing knowledge were support of co-workers in the use of protective devices and the availability of hand-washing device or waterless alcohol gel (p<.05). Conclusion: In order to improve knowledge and compliance with standard precautions, all factors of importance for knowledge and compliance must be taken into consideration in the clinical work place and in education.