• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2013

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding herbaceous peat on growth performance and meat quality of Holstein beef cattle. Total of 20 Holstein beef cattle (18~20 month of age, $657{\pm}31kg$ body weight) were conventionally and separately fed a concentrate diet and rice straw for 134 days. The dietary treatments were randomly assigned by complete block design into four treatments, each of which were five heads in early fattening stage. The treatments in this study were the control group fed basal diet, feeding herbaceous peat group (5%/diet, T1), feeding coated vitamin C group (20g/head, T2) and feeding mixture of herbaceous peat and coated vitamin C group (5%/diet+20g/head, T3). The initial body weights between the groups of control, T1, T2 and T3 were similar showing with $689{\pm}31$, $661{\pm}24$, $659{\pm}32$ and $622{\pm}19kg$. The daily body weight gain was higher in T3 by 8.3% than that in the control (p<0.05). Glucose concentration in control group was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), but there was no significant differences between treatments on AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), BUN and total protein concentrations of blood. The fat content of sirloin in the T2 was significantly higher than control and T1 group (p<0.05). Meat color (CIE) values in T2 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), and other treatments also increased those values. In overall, the feeding herbaceous peat and vitamin C to the Holstein beef cattle was considered to have positive effects on the growth performance of Holstein beef cattle. In addition, the effects on the performances of animals were more improved when fed herbaceous peat and vitamin C concurrently.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2009

Purpose: The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of hepatobiliary dysfunction (HD) at our hospital and determine the possible risk factors and complications associated with the development of HD in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) treated with parenteral nutrition (PN). Methods: A retrospective study of VLBWI (n=92) that required PN between 2004 and 2008 in the NICU at the Bucheon St. Marys Hospital of Catholic University was performed. HD was defined by a direct bilirubin (DB) >2 mg and a transaminase of 60 IU/L defined cholestasis and liver injury. Groups I, II, and III were limited to cases of cholestasis, liver injury without cholestasis, and no abnormalities, respectively. The VLBWI were compared to each other. Results: Thirty-six subjects (39.1%) had cholestasis and 51 (55.4%) had liver injury. In addition, 36 (39.1%), 19 (20.7%), and 37 (40.2%) subjects were classified as groups I, II, and III, respectively. The three groups showed significant differences in gestational age, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, use of surfactant, duration of parenteral nutrition, frequency of RBC transfusions, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (P<0.05). The multiple regression analysis with cholestasis as the dependent variable, showed a significant correlation with gestational age, use of surfactant, frequency of RBC transfusions, and PDA. Conclusion: Various factors, such as birth weight, gestational age, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, use of surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), frequency of RBC transfusions, BPD, and PDA may be related to hepatobiliary dysfunction in VLBWI treated with PN.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.743-749
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to develop hydroponic-cultured ginseng vinegar (HGV) containing ginsenoside Rg2 in order to its anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic effects in C57BL/6J mice. HGV was prepared by two-stage fermentation. The ginsenoside Rg2 contained in acetic acid-fermented HGV increased by 4.0 times compared to that in pre-fermented HGV. To measure the anti-obesity effect of HGV, thirty two mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), high-fat diet-supplemented with HGV group (HGV), and high-fat diet-supplemented with green tea extract group (GT). Body weight, fat weight, and liver weight decreased in the HGV group. The HGV group also showed lower plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides, and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol compared to the corresponding levels in the HFD group. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in plasma aspartase aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the HGV group compared to the corresponding levels in the HFD group. These results suggest that HGV can be used as an anti-obesity therapeutic agent or functional ingredient.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.767-776
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary herbal product(Miracle$^{\circledR}$) supplementation on the performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora and blood parameters in pigs. Forty eight cross bred(Y${\times}$L${\times}$D) weanling pigs (average initial body weight 7.84kg${\pm}$0.17, 28 d old) were used in 35 d feeding trial. Pigs were allotted to 16 raised floor cages(W 35.5cm${\times}$L45cm${\times}$H 55cm). Each treatment had four replications of 3 pigs each. Treatments were: control (T1), CTC 100ppm (T2), Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T3) and CTC 100ppm + Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T4). The herbal product supplementation(T3) tended to improve the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain but there were no significant differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility was significantly(P〈0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The pigs fed T3 diet showed the lowest digestibility of DM, crude protein, NFE, P, and amino acids among treatments. Serum cholesterol level of pigs fed T3 diet was lowest and significantly(P〈0.05) lower than those fed antibiotic supplemented diet(T2). Triglyceride and HDL level of the pigs fed T3 diet were also lower than those of others but the differences were not significant. The level of serum IgG was significantly(P〈0.05) different among treatments. The level of serum IgG was highest in T4, followed by T1, T2 and T3. Serum AST(Aspartate aminotransferase) level of the control(T1) was lower than other treatments. Levels of serum total protein, albumin and ALT(Alanine aminotransferase) were not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of Lactobacillus, Cl. perfringens and E.coli in feces were not significantly different among treatments but those of Cl. perfringens of T2 (CTC 100ppm) showed the lowest count at both 3rd and 5th wk. It is concluded that herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ does not significantly affect growth performance of weanling pigs but it influenced the digestibility, serum IgG, cholesterol and AST level. The combination of the herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ with antibiotic(CTC) showed no synergistic effects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.480-498
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the protective and anticirrhotic effects of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang on the liver cirrhosis or fibrosis induced by prolonged bile duct ligation; a new experimental model for cirrhosis and the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. The development of fibrosis or cirrhosis and its inhibition by the two prescriptions were examined by the chemical analysis of AST, ALT, and hydroxyproline. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increase of serum asparate aminotransferase induced by bile duct ligation was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 2. The increase of serum alanine aminotransferase induced by bile duct ligation was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 3. The increased level of serum AST and AL T induced by the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 4. The increasing level of hydroxyproline volume in the damaged liver tissues in the rat was decreased by the oral administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. But there were no significant differences in the inhibition rate between the two experimental groups.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.774-782
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• 2006

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanol extract of lotus root (LRE) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rat. Sprague-Dawley rae weighing $100{\sim}150g$, were divided into 6 groups: basal diet group (BD), alcohol (35% 10 mL/kg/day) teated stoup (ET), LRE 200 mg/kg/day teated group (BD-LREL). LRE 400 mg/kg/day treated group (BD-LREH), LRE 200 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-LREL), and LRE 400 3mg/kg/day and alcohol teated group (ET-LREH). After the administration, rats were sacrificed to get serum and liver to analyze antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione and lipid peroxide contents. The body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were decreased by alcohol administration, however, were gradually increased to a little lower level than the basal diet group by the combined administration of alcohol and LRE. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities that were elevated by alcohol were significantly decreased by LRE administration. It was also observed that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver that were increased by alcohol, were markedly decreased in the combined alcohol and LRE administered groups as compared with the alcohol administrated group. These effect of LRE within the alcohol groups were in a dose-dependent manner. The glutathione (GSH) content in liver was decreased by alcohol administration, however, increased after administering LRE. Teken together, these result suggest that ethanol extract of lotus root may have a possible protective effect on liver function in hepatotoxicity-induced rat by alcohol administration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1139-1147
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• 2014

We investigated whether or not Schisandra chinensis (SC), a traditional herbal medicine, has protective effects against alcohol-induced fatty liver and blood alcohol clearance. Two tests focused on acute intoxication and chronic ethanol treatment were carried out. For the chronic ethanol treatment test, rats were fed ethanol by intragastric administration everyday for 8 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Ethanol treatment significantly increased blood alcohol concentration at 90 min after acute ethanol intoxication. Compared with the two ethanol-treated groups, rats administered ethanol along with SC extracts showed an approximately 13% increased blood alcohol clearance rate at 360 min. Chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, and caused fatty degeneration of liver. Ethanol treatment also elevated the serum total-cholesterol (TC) level. However, after feeding of ethanol plus SC extracts, ethanol-induced elevation of hepatic TG levels reversed, whereas elevation of serum TG and TC levels was not observed after treatment with SC extracts. Ethanol treatment significantly increased ${\gamma}$-GT, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities after 8 weeks. Compared with the ethanol-fed group, rats administered ethanol plus SC extracts for 4 weeks showed attenuated fatty degeneration as well as decreased hepatic function test values. SC administration also significantly increased intracellular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and reduced steatosis score and hepatic TG levels, as measured by biochemical and histolopathological analyses. Our results indicate that the protective effects of SC are accompanied by a significant decrease in hepatic TG levels, thereby suggesting SC has the ability to prevent ethanol-induced fatty liver, by reducing hepatic TG and enzyme levels in alcoholic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 2009

The effects of turmeric and fermented turmeric by Bacillus natto on antioxidant activities, liver function recovery of acute hepatotoxicity mice, and serum lipid parameters in high fat diet fed mice were investigated. In the results of antioxidant activity by DPPH method, fermented turmeric had higher antioxidative activity than turmeric. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced by 0.5 mL of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) per kg of mice. Unlike turmeric, fermented turmeric significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) after 5 days compared to the controls with 0.5% methyl cellulose (p<0.05). In addition, higher recovery of liver damage by $CCl_4$ was observed in mice with fermented turmeric than with turmeric. High fat (20%) diet fed mice were divided into 4 groups to investigate the effects of turmeric and fermented turmeric on serum lipid parameters: C (vehicle), TuL (low dose (80 mg/kg) with turmeric), TuH (high dose (160 mg/kg) with turmeric), FTuL (low dose with fermented turmeric), and FTuH (high dose with fermented turmeric). The levels of LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced and increased in FTuL, FTuH and TuH groups compared to the C group, respectively. However, there was no significant change in triglyceride levels by either turmeric or fermented turmeric compared to those by control. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that fermented turmeric by Bacillus natto could be used as a functional food for enhancement of health with better consumer acceptance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2015

This study was performed to examine the effects of dietary Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) on growth performance, immune organ weights, blood biochemical parameters and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in broiler chicks. A total of 120 4-day-old birds were given a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% (AS1) or 1.0% (AS2) AS powder until the birds were 35 days of age. There was no difference in body weight, total gain, feed intake or immune organ weights among the treatment groups. However, the feed conversion ratio in the AS2 group was lower (p<0.05) than that in the CON group. Serum biochemical components, including AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), albumin and total protein, were not affected by the dietary treatments, whereas glucose and triglyceride levels increased (p<0.05) in the AS2 group compared with the CON group. The AS1 group exhibited decreased mRNA expression (p<0.05) of IFN-${\gamma}$ in white blood cells and iNOS in the liver compared with the CON group. The other pro-inflammatory cytokines were unaffected by dietary AS supplementation, although there was a trend towards decreased expression of these genes, including those encoding Il-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.5% AS decreased the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines without affecting growth performance, suggesting that this supplement might be applicable as an immunoregulatory feed additive in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.795-807
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine on the lipid and protein components or blood chemistry levels of the serum as well as the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female) liver. Acute test were conducted to determine those effects. The acute test was conducted by dividing rats into 7 groups according to the time lapsed after a single oral administration of 100mg/kg caffeine(that is control, 2hrs, 4hrs, 8hrs, 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs lapsed group). The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The concentrations of the carbonyl group, malondialdehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the serum, and total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rat liver. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The concentrations of serum glucose were significantly higher(p<0.01) between 4(143.0mg/dl) and 8hrs(138.0mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(101.1mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). While on the other, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio in comparison to those of the control. 2. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) between 4(77.4mg/dl, total cholesterol) and 8hrs(64.7mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol) in comparison to those of the control(62.8, 46.7mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum were significantly lower(p<0.01) after 8hrs(38.8mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(66.5mg/dl). 3. The activities of AST in serum was significantly higher(p<0.05) from 2hrs(149U/L) to 8hrs(178U/L) in comparison to the control(112U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). The activities of ALT in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) at 4(45.5U/L), 24(49.3U/L), 48(46.8U/L) and 72 hrs(42.3U/L) in comparison to that of the control(39.7U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activities of ALP in comparison to that of the control. 4. The concentrations of free fatty acid in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) at 8hrs(65.0mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(37.6mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). However, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of carbonyl group and malondialdehyde within serum, and liver homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in comparison to that of the control. 5. The patterns of SDS-PAGE in serum, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the liver showed no significant differences.