• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.558-560
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• 2005

Hepatoprotective effects of white ginseng extract (WGE), and IH-901 (20-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol) derived from intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ were studied using two experimental animal models with chemical-induced hepatic damage. Administration of WGE (200 and 500 mg/kg) and IH-901 (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM/kg) significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in acute hepatitic mice induced by $CCl_4$. Administration of WGE (l00 mg/kg) and IH-901 (0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 mM/kg) significantly decreased AST and ALT levels in acute hepatitic rats induced by D-galactosamine. AST and ALT levels of IH-901 groups decreased. These results suggested WGE and IH-901 may have protective effects against chemical-induced hepatic damage.

• 환경생물
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.412-418
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• 2015

$12^{\circ}C$에서 DO 농도가 $0.7mg\;L^{-1}$일 때 조피볼락의 폐사가 발생하였으며, 소요시간은 274분이었다. $20^{\circ}C$에서는 DO 농도가 $0.8mg\;L^{-1}$일 때 조피볼락의 폐사가 발생하였으며, 소요시간은 148분이었다. DO 농도의 감소는 스트레스 요인으로 작용하여 $12^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$에서 1차적으로 코티졸 및 글루코스 농도를 상승시켰다. 또한 Ht, Hb, AST, ALT, 이온 농도, 삼투질 농도도 $12^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$에서 폐사 직전에 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2014

Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has become an important public health issue because of its high prevalence and severity. Several noninvasive methods for estimating NAFLD are under investigation. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of serum ferritin as a biomarker of severity of pediatric NAFLD patients. Methods: A total of 64 NAFLD patient were enrolled from Severance Children's Hospital from March 2010 to February 2013. Serum ferritin levels, liver related laboratory tests, liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (2-dimensional [2D] proton density-fat fraction) and NAFLD severity markers were compared between obese group and overweight group. Correlation analyses were performed between serum ferritin and laboratory values including NAFLD severity markers. Results: In obese group, serum ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, international normalized ratio (INR), MRI 2D proton density-fat fraction, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis- 4 (FIB-4) (an index score calculated from platelet count, ALT, AST and age) were significantly higher than those of overweight group. NAFLD severity markers, APRI and FIB-4, and liver specific important laboratory values, AST, ALT, INR, cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein show significant correlation with serum ferritin in NAFLD patients. Conclusion: Serum ferritin concentrations could be a candidate of useful severity marker in the pediatric NAFLD patients.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

은연어가 운반과정 중에 어느 정도 스트레스를 받는지 조사하기 위하여 어류를 각각 담수와 염수 ($5{\%{\circ}}$)를 채운 수조차에 싫고 10 시간 운반하였다. 운반하기 전후에 혈청 중의 1차 스트레스 지표 물질인 코티졸을 비롯하여 2차 지표물질인 GLC, LAC, TG, CHOL, 전해질 ($Na^+, Cl^-$), 효소 (ALT, AST, LDH) 활성을 측정하여 두 운반구 간의 차이를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 운반작업은 은연어에게 상당한 스트레스를 주는 것으로 확인되었으나, 운반방법에 따라서는 스트레스 반응에 차이가 있었다. 즉, 담수운반구에 비해 염수운반구는 코티졸, GLC, LAC, TG, CHOL, AST 및 ALT가 유의적인 차이를 보이며 낮은 수준이었다. 이것으로 은연어의 운반시에는 담수보다 염수를 사용하는 것이 스트레스를 줄일 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was designed to protect effect on atherosclerosis through regulation of low density lipoprotein(LDL) by 70 % ethanol extract Ganoderma lucidum (GL) in LDL receptor knockout mouse (LDLr ko mice) fed Western diet.Methods : The LDLr ko mice were divided into 3 groups ; Control, GL100, and GL300. After grouping, LDLr ko mice were fed Western diet. The GL (100 or 300 mg/kg body weight/day, p.o.) was administered every day for 8 weeks. The body weight and food intake were measured every day. The changes in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum were analyzed after experiment.Results : The LDLr ko mice fed Western diet were increased body weight gain and blood biochemistry parameters such as ALT, AST, TG, TC, and LDL. However GL300 group significantly reduced the body weight. Also TG, TC, and LDL level did not increase. The levels of ALT, AST, HDL were not changed. Also, LDLr ko mice model liver were observed lipid drop, but GL groups did not appear. Futhermore, histological analysis of GL groups aorta tissue were similar to NOR groups.Conclusions : We confirmed that whether GL administration is protect atherosclerosis or not. As the results, blood biochemistry and histological analysis did not changed much in GL administration groups. This study provides scientific evidence that GL protect the atherosclerosis through the reduction of LDL cholesterol. Therefore GL has potential medicine inhibition of atherosclerosis.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationships of preoperative (Pre-OP) levels of hematological and biochemical indices to perioperative variables in patients that underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Pre-OP levels of hematological factors [total white blood cells (T-WBC), erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), or platelet] were negatively or positively related with biochemical indices [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, glucose, fructosamine, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)]. Pre-OP levels of hematological factors and biochemical indices were negatively or positively correlated with echocardiographic variables. Pre-OP level of HbA1c had a relationship with C-reactive protein. Pre-OP levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, HDL, glucose, fructosamine, or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were positively or negatively associated with Pre-OP levels of cardiac markers (brain natriuretic peptide, troponin-I, creatine kinase isoenzyme 2, or CRP). Pre-OP levels of hematological factors (excepting T-WBC) related with operation time (OPT), postoperative mechanical ventilation time (POMVT), intensive care unit-period (ICU-period) or hospitalization. Pre-OP levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, triglyceride, HDL, low dwensity lipoprotein, fructosamine, or BUN were positively or negatively correlated with OPT, graft numbers, POMVT, ICU-period or hospitalization. Retrospective this study reveals that Pre-OP levels of hematological and biochemical markers are associated with echocardiographic variables, several cardiac markers and postoperative outcomes, suggesting that Pre-OP levels of hematological and biochemical markers may be useful predictors for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.151-169
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• 2015

Objectives: The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. Methods: Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ [$PM_{2.5}$], nitrogen dioxide [$NO_2$], ozone [$O_3$], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase [${\gamma}$-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models. Results: Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of $PM_{2.5}$ with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; $NO_2$ with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and $O_3$ with ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as $PM_{2.5}$, $NO_2$, and $O_3$ is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.644-651
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of fractions of methanol(MeOH) extracts of Lycopus lucidic Turcz on hyperglycemia and energy metabolites in streptozotocin(STZ) diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-220 g by an injection of STZ dissolved in a citrate buffer into the tail vein at a dose of 45 mg/kg of body weight, and the rats were divided into 7 groups, that is, one normal group and 6 diabetic groups: STZ-control, hexane, chloroform(CHCl$\sub$3/). ethylacetate(EtOAc), butanol(BuOH) and H$\sub$2/O fraction-fed groups. All groups were fed an AIN-93 diet and the fractions of Lycopus lucidic Turcz were administered orally with 2 % Tween 80 for 14 days after the STZ injection. Body weight, diet intake and organ weights were monitored. The plasma levels of blood glucose, insulin and protein were determined. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acid were assayed. The plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were also measured. Body weight losses were observed by feeding the fractions of Lycopus lucidic Turcz in STZ experimental groups, and the kidney weight was increased. The extent of blood glucose decrement was significantly greater in the hexane and BuOH fraction-fed groups than STZ-control group. The plasma protein level was significantly lower in the H$\sub$2/O fraction-fed group. The plasma cholesterol level was decreased in BuOH and H$\sub$2/O fraction-fed groups compared with the STZ-control group. The levels of free fatty acids in the CHC1$\sub$3/ and H$\sub$2/O fraction-fed groups were significantly decreased(p<0.05). ALT activitiy of BuOH fraction-fed group was lower than control but it was not significantly different. These results suggest that the fractions of Lycopus lucidic Turcz are capable of lowering blood glucose and fat metabolites concentrations when administered to STZ-treated rats, and AST/ALT activity and insulin levels show the possibility of therapeutic use to diabetes mellitus.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2010

This study was carried out to find whether phenidone (1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone), a cyclooxygenase as well as a lipoxygenase inhibitor, exhibits the preventive effect on carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_{4})-induced$ acute liver injury in rats. Rats were pretreated with phenidone at a dose of 50 or 200 mg/kg (p.o.) once daily for 3 consecutive days before $CCl_{4}$ administration. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production was determined as an index of lipid peroxidation in the liver and serum. The histopathological changes in the liver were also examined in each group. The reduction in body weights was significantly inhibited in the phenidone-treated group than in the $CCl_{4}$ control group. Significant increase in the relative liver weights of the phenidone-treated groups was observed compared with either the vehicle or $CCl_{4}$ groups. Elevation of serum AST and ALT activities occurred after $CCl_{4}$ treatment was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with phenidone. The elevation of MDA levels in liver and serum were completely inhibited in phenidone-treated groups. The protective effects on phenidone-treated groups were confirmed histopathologically. These results suggest that phenidone may be a useful protector through modulation of hepatic inflammation in $(CCl_{4})-induced$ acute liver injury.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.656-661
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• 2006

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely used anticancer drug, but at high dose, it can produce undesirable side effects such as hepatotoxicity. Because silymrin has been used to treat liver disorders, the protective effect of silymarin on CDDP -induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in rats. Hepatotoxicity was determined by changes in serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], nitric oxide [NO] levels, albumin and calcium levels, and superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSHPx] activities, glutathione content, malondialdehyde [MDA] and nitric oxide [NO] levels in liver tissue of rats. Male albino rats were divided into four groups, 10 rats in each. In the control group, rats were injected i.p. with 0.2 ml of propylene glycol in saline 75/25 (v/v) for 5 consecutive days [Silymarin was dissolved in 0.2 ml of propylene glycol in saline 75/25 v/v]. The second group were injected with CDDP (7.5 mg /kg, I.P.), whereas animals in the third group were i.p. injected with silymarin at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days. The Fourth group received a daily i.p. injection of silymarin (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) 1 hr before a single i.p. injection of CDDP (7.5 mg/kg). CDDP hepatotoxicity was manifested biochemically by an increase in serum ALT and AST, elevation of MDA and NO in liver tissues as well as a decrease in GSH and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, GSHPx in liver tissues. In addition, marked decrease in serum NO, albumin and calcium levels were observed. Serum ALT, AST, liver NO level, MDA was found to decreased in the combination group in comparison with the CDDP group. The activities of SOD, GSHPx, GSH and serum NO were lower in CDDP group than both the control and CDDP pretreated with silymarin groups. The results obtained suggested that silymarin significantly attenuated the hepatotoxicity as an indirect target of CDDP in an animal model of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.