• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2015

The data of Duroc swine species that were born from 2000 to 2014 excluding missing ones collected by Korea National Institute of Animal Science were used in the present study. After removing missing data we used 9756 of productions data and 1728 of reproductive reference of breeding research to study the level of inbreeding and to investigate the impact on the reproductive traits, production traits. The correlation of reproductive traits and inbreeding coefficient are -0.07, -0.08 for total number pigs born, number of pigs born alive respectively and birth weight per litter is -0.10, number of pigs born alive per litter to 21days is -0.06 and body weight per litter to 21days is -0.09. The correlation coefficients of the inbreeding coefficients of reproductive traits are shown within 10% with negative correlation (P < 0.05). Days of 90kg and Backfat in the correlation coefficient and inbreeding coefficient production traits were not observed significant correlations, Average daily gain was investigated by the positive correlation of 0.05. According to the above results, the inbreeding level gave a negative effect on the improvement of the breed traits, investigating a relatively high compared to a negative effect on other traits. But overall correlation degree is less than 10% was observed. This inbreeding coefficient has not been clearly observed due to degeneration of the average inbreeding coefficients of these generations was maintained within 10% of the population. The scale of the experimental group was about 150 degree pig husbandry is very small compared to the advanced countries. However, the level of inbreeding in the population group with the appropriate mating combinations is maintained below 10% of population is thought to be small and can minimize the effects of inbreeding degeneration. further testing utilizing this selection is constantly considered to be necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-29
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• 2015

In case of C-410/11, Pedro Espada $S\acute{a}nchez$ and Others v Iberia $L\acute{i}neas$ $A\acute{e}reas$ de $Espa\tilde{n}a$ SA., ECLI:EU:C:2012:747, the passengers of a flight between Barcelona and Paris, whose baggage had been lost, lodged a claim before a Spanish court, asking for compensation. More specifically, the claimants were a family of four (two adults and two children), and had stored all their personal items in two suitcases, which had been checked in and tagged but never returned to the passengers in question. The four claimants relied on the Montreal Convention, ratified by the EU, which provides that each passenger can claim up to 1,000 SDRs in compensation (i.e. ${\euro}1,100$) in case his or her baggage is lost; thus, they sought to recover ${\euro}4,400$ (4,000 SDRs, i.e. 1,000 SDRs x4). The preliminary reference issue raised by the Spanish court to the CJEU regarded the $Montr\acute{e}al$ Convention's correct interpretation; in particular, it asked whether compensation should be available only to passengers whose lost baggage had been checked in "in their own name" or whether it is also available to passengers whose personal items had been stored in the (lost) baggage of a different passenger. The CJEU held that compensation had to be granted to all passengers whose items had been lost, regardless of whether these had been stored in baggage checked in "in their own name." In fact, it maintained that the real aim of the $Montr\acute{e}al$ convention is to provide passenger-consumers with protection for the loss of their personal belongings, so the circumstance of where these were being carried is not relevant. Nevertheless, the CJEU clarified that it is for national courts to assess the evidence regarding the actual loss of an item stored in another passenger's baggage, and maintained that the fact that a group of people were travelling together as a family is a factor that may be taken into account.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.627-635
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• 2019

Cement-asbestos slate is the main asbestos containing material. It is a product made by combining 10~20% of asbestos and cement components. Man- and weathering-induced degradation of the cement-asbestos slates makes them a source of dispersion of asbestos fibres and represents a priority cause of concern. When the asbestos enters the human body, it causes cellular damage or deformation, and is not discharged well in vitro, and has been proven to cause diseases such as lung cancer, asbestos, malignant mesothelioma and pleural thickening. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has designated asbestos as a group 1 carcinogen. Currently, most of these slats are disposed in a designated landfill, but the landfill capacity is approaching its limit, and there is a potential risk of exposure to the external environment even if it is land-filled. Therefore, this study aimed to exam the possibility of detoxification of asbestos-containing slate by using exothermic reaction and heat treatment. Cement-asbestos slate from the asbestos removal site was used for this experiment. Exothermic catalysts such as calcium chloride(CaCl₂), magnesium chloride(MgCl₂), sodium hydroxide(NaOH), sodium silicate(Na₂SiO₃), kaolin[Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄)], and talc[Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂] were used. Six catalysts were applied to the cement-asbestos slate, respectively and then analyzed using TG-DTA. Based on the TG-DTA results, the heat treatment temperature for cement-asbestos slate transformation was determined at 750℃. XRD, SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS analyses were performed on the samples after the six catalysts applied to the slate and heat-treated at 750℃ for 2 hours. It was confirmed that chrysotile[Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH₅)] in the cement-asbestos slate was transformed into forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) by catalysts and heat treatment. In addition, the change in the shape of minerals was observed by applying a physical force to the slate and the heat treated slate after coating catalysts. As a result, the chrysotile in the cement-asbestos slate maintained fibrous form, but the cement-asbestos slate after heat treatment of applying catalyst was broken into non-fibrous form. Therefore, this study shows the possibility to safely verify the complete transformation of asbestos minerals in this catalyst- and temperature-induced process.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2000

Purpose: Recently, a wide application of gastrofiberscopy in the pediatric group have revealed that nodular duodenitis is not an uncommon disease in children and is suspected to be associated with H. pylori infection. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical and histopathologic features in children with nodular duodenitis, and to assess the correlations beween both. Methods: During a period of 5 years (Jan. 1995~Dec. 1999), we investigated clinical, endoscopic and histopathologic features of 39 consecutive patients diagnosed as having nodular duodenitis at Pediatric department of Seoul Red Cross Hospital. In 35 children with nodular duodenitis endoscopic biopsy specimens were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Giemsa's stain, and were graded according to the criteria outlined by Triadafilopoulos, Whitehead et al., and Prieto et al.. Statistical analyses were performed with Graph PAD InStat. Results: The prevalence rate of nodular duodenitis was 17.1% and the most frequent chief complaint was abdominal pain (69.2%). Endoscopically grade 1 was the most common (45.7%) and nodular gastritis was coexistent in 28.3%. The most common histology of the duodenum was grade 2 (54.3%), and the most common histologic score of the stomach was 2 (42.9%). H. pylori was found in the duodenum in 37.1%, and in the stomach in 31.4%. The correlation coefficient between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis was 0.3983 (p=0.0178). And the correlation coefficient between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum was 0.5154 (p=0.0018). Conclusion: There was significant correlation between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis, and was also significant correlation between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum. Therfore H. pylori infection should be regarded as an etiologic factor of nodular duodenitis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 2004

A new polystyrene-divinylbenzene chelating resin containing 4,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (chromotropic acid : CTA) as functional group has been synthesized and characterized. The sorption and desorption properties of this chelating resin for Cr(III) ion and Cr(VI) ion including nine metal bloodstain. As a results, FOB test kit could be effectively applied to identification of human blood at chelating resin was stable in acidic and alkaline solution. The Cr(VI) ion is selectively separated from Cr (III) ion at pH 2 and the maximum sorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion is 1.2 mmol/g. In the presence of anions such as $F^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $CN^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, the sorption of Cr(VI) ion was reduced but anions such as $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $Cl^-$ revealed no interference effect. The elution order of metal ions obtained from breakthrough capacity and overall capacity at pH 2 was Cr(VI)>Sn(II)>Fe(III)>Cu(II)>Cd(II)${\simeq}Pb(II){\simeq}Cr(III){\simeq}Mn(II){\simeq}Ni(II){\simeq}Al(III)$. Desorption characteristics for Cr(VI) ion was investigated with desorption agents such as $HNO_3$, HCl, and $H_2SO_4$. It was found that the ion showed high desorption efficiency with 3 M HCl. As the result, the chelating resin, XAD-16-CTA was successfully applied to separation and preconcentration of Cr (VI) ion from several metal ions in metal finishing works.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2001

The quaternary thiophosphates, $A_2NiP_2S_6$ (A=Rb, Cs), have been synthesized with halide fluxes and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. These compounds crystallize in the space group $C_{2h}^5-P2_1/n$ of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a=5.960(2), b=12.323(4), $c=7.491(3)\AA$, $\beta=97.05(3)^{\circ}$, and $V=546.0(3)\AA^3$ for Rb2NiP2S6 and a=5.957(4), b=12.696(7), $c=7.679(4)\AA$, $b=93.60(5)^{\circ}$, and $V=579.7(5)\AA^3$ for $Cs_2NiP_2S_6.$ These compounds are isostructural. The structure of $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$ is made up of one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chains along the a axis and these chains are isolated by $Cs^+$ ions. The Ni atom is octahedrally coordinated by six S atoms. These Ni$S_6$ octahedral units are linked by sharing three m-S atoms of the $[P_2S_6^{4-}]$ anions to form the infinite one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chain. For $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$, the magnetic susceptibility reveals an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 8K,which corresponds to the Neel temperature ($T_N$). Above $T_N$, this compound obeys Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic moment, C, and ${\theta}forCs_2NiP_2S_6$ are 2.77 B.M., 0.9593 K, and -19.02 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic data is agreed with the spin-only value of $Ni^{2+}d^8$(2.83 B.M.) system.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2013

Due to the large specific surface area and great reactivity toward environmental contaminants, nanocrystalline mackinawite (FeS) has been widely applied for the remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. Furthermore, nanocrystalline FeS is rather thermodynamically stable against anoxic corrosion, and its reactivity can be regenerated continuously by the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. However, nanocrystalline mackinawite is prone to either spread out along the groundwater flow or cause pore clogging in aquifers by particle aggregation. Accordingly, this mineral should be modified for the application of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). In this study, coating methods were investigated by which mackinawite nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of alumina or activated alumina. The amount of FeS coating was found to significantly vary with pH, with the highest amount occurring at pH ~6.9 for both minerals. At this pH, the surfaces of mackinawite and alumina (or activated alumina) were oppositely charged, with the resultant electrostatic attraction making the coating highly effective. At this pH, the coating amounts by alumina and activated alumina were 0.038 and 0.114 $mmol{\cdot}FeS/g$, respectively. Under anoxic conditions, arsenite sorption experiments were conducted with uncoated alumina, uncoated activated alumina, and both minerals coated with FeS at the optimal pH for comparison of their reactivity. Uncoated activated alumina showed the higher arsenite removal compared to uncoated alumina. Notably, the arsenite sorption capacity of activated alumina was little changed by the coating with FeS. This might be attributed to the abundance of highly reactive hydroxyl functional groups (${\equiv}$AlOH) on the surface of activated alumina, making the arsenite sorption by the coated FeS unnoticeable. In contrast, the arsenite sorption capacity of alumina was found to increase substantially by the FeS coating. This was due to the consumption of the surface hydroxyl functional groups on the alumina surface and the subsequent occurrence of As(III) sorption by the coated FeS. Alumina, on the surface area basis, has about 8 times higher FeS coating amount and higher As(III) sorption capacity than silica. This study indicates that alumina is a better candidate than silica for the coating of nanocrystalline mackinawite.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1995

The crystal structure of dehydrated, partially Co(II)-exchanged zeolite X, stoichiometry Co2+Na+-X (Co41+Na10Si100Al92O384) per unit cell, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered by counter methods. The structure was solved and refined in the cubic space group Fd3:α=24.544(1)Å at 21(1)℃. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream using a solution 0.025 M each in Co(NO3)2 and Co(O2CCH3)2. The crystal was then dehydrated at 380℃ and 2×10-6 Torr for two days. The structure was refined to the final error indices, R1=0.059 and R2=0.046 with 211 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). Co2+ ions and Na+ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites. Co2+ ions are located at two different sites of high occupancies. Sixteen Co2+ ions are located at the center of the double six-ring (site I; Co-O = 2.21(1)Å, O-Co-O = 90.0(4)°) and twenty-five Co2+ ions are located at site II in the supercage. Twenty-five Co2+ ions are recessed 0.09Å into the supercage from its three oxygen plane (Co-O = 2.05(1)Å, O-Co-O = 119.8(7)°). Na+ ions are located at two different sites of occupandies. Seven Na+ ions are located at site II in the supercage (Na-O = 2.29(1)Å, O-Na-O = 102(1)°). Three Na+ ions are statistically distribyted over site III, a 48-fold equipoint in the supercages on twofold axes (Na-O = 2.59(10)Å, O-Na-O = 69.0(3)°). Seven Na+ ions are recessed 1.02Å into the supercage from the three oxygen plane. It appears that Co2+ ions prefer sites I and II in order, and that Na+ ions occupy the remaining sites, II and III.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-63
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• 2015

As knowledge is paid attention as a new production factor that generates added value, studies continue to apply knowledge management to business environment. In addition, as ICT (Information Communication Technology) was engrafted in business environment, it leads to increasing task efficiency and productivity of individual workers. Accordingly, the way that a business achieves its goal has changed to one in which its individual members are willing to take part in the organization and share information to create new values (Han, 2003) and studies for the system and service to support such transition are carrying out. Of late, a new concept called 'Enterprise 2.0' newly appears. It is the extension of Wen 2.0 and its technology, which focus on participation, sharing and openness, to the work environment of a business (Jung, 2013). Enterprise 2.0 is being used as a collaborative tool to prop up individual creativity and group brain power by combining Web 2.0 technologies such as blog, Wiki, RSS and tag with business software (McAfee, 2006). As Tweeter gets popular, Enterprise Microblog (EMB), which is an example of Enterprise 2.0 for business, has been developed as equivalent to Tweeter in business circle and SaaS (Software as a Service) such as Yammer was introduced The studies of EMB mainly focus on demonstrating its usability in terms of intra-firm communication and knowledge management. However existing studies lean too much towards large-sized companies and certain departments, rather than a company as a whole. Therefore, few studies have been conducted on small and medium-sized companies that have difficulty preparing separate resources and supplying exclusive workforce to introduce knowledge management. In this respect, the present study placed its analytic focus on small-sized companies actually equipped with EMB to know how they use it. And, based on the findings, this study examined their knowledge management strategies for EMB from the point of codification and personalization. Hypothesis -"as a company grows, it shifts EMB strategy from codification to personalization'- was established on the basis of reviewing precedent studies and literature. To demonstrate the hypothesis, this study analyzed the usage of EMB by small companies that have used it from foundation. For case study, the duration of the use was divided into 2 spans and longitudinal analysis was employed to examine the contents of the blogs. Using the key findings of the analysis, this study is aimed to propose practical implications for the operation of knowledge management of small-sized company and the suitable application of knowledge management system for operation Knowledge Management Strategy can be classified by codification strategy and personalization strategy (Hansen et. al., 1999), and how to manage the two strategies were always studied. Also, current studies regarding the knowledge management strategy were targeted mostly for major companies, resulting in lack of studies in how it can be applied on SMEs. This research, with the knowledge management strategy suited for SMEs, sets an Enterprise Microblog (EMB), and with the EMB applied on SMEs' Knowledge Management Strategy, it is reviewed on the perspective of SMEs' Codification and Personalization Strategies. Through the advanced research regarding Knowledge Management Strategy and EMB, the hypothesis is set that "Depending on the development of the company, the main application of EMB alters from Codification Strategy to Personalization Strategy". To check the hypothesis, SME that have used the EMB called 'Yammer' was analyzed from the date of their foundation until today. The case study has implemented longitudinal analysis which divides the period when the EMBs were used into three stages and analyzes the contents. As the result of the study, this suggests a substantial implication regarding the application of Knowledge Management Strategy and its Knowledge Management System that is suitable for SME.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-199
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• 2010

As rapid progress of population aging and strong interest in health, the demand for new healthcare service is increasing. Until now healthcare service has provided post treatment by face-to-face manner. But according to related researches, proactive treatment is resulted to be more effective for preventing diseases. Particularly, the existing healthcare services have limitations in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome such a lifestyle disease, because the cause of metabolic syndrome is related to life habit. As the advent of ubiquitous technology, patients with the metabolic syndrome can improve life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity without the constraints of time and space through u-healthcare service. Therefore, lots of researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the personalized healthcare service for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. For example, Kim et al.(2010) have proposed a healthcare model for providing the customized calories and rates of nutrition factors by analyzing the user's preference in foods. Lee et al.(2010) have suggested the customized diet recommendation service considering the basic information, vital signs, family history of diseases and food preferences to prevent and manage coronary heart disease. And, Kim and Han(2004) have demonstrated that the web-based nutrition counseling has effects on food intake and lipids of patients with hyperlipidemia. However, the existing researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the predefined one-way u-healthcare service. Thus, users have a tendency to easily lose interest in improving life habit. To solve such a problem of u-healthcare service, this research suggests a u-healthcare recommender system which is based on collaborative filtering principle and social network. This research follows the principle of collaborative filtering, but preserves local networks (consisting of small group of similar neighbors) for target users to recommend context aware healthcare services. Our research is consisted of the following five steps. In the first step, user profile is created using the usage history data for improvement in life habit. And then, a set of users known as neighbors is formed by the degree of similarity between the users, which is calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient. In the second step, the target user obtains service information from his/her neighbors. In the third step, recommendation list of top-N service is generated for the target user. Making the list, we use the multi-filtering based on user's psychological context information and body mass index (BMI) information for the detailed recommendation. In the fourth step, the personal information, which is the history of the usage service, is updated when the target user uses the recommended service. In the final step, a social network is reformed to continually provide qualified recommendation. For example, the neighbors may be excluded from the social network if the target user doesn't like the recommendation list received from them. That is, this step updates each user's neighbors locally, so maintains the updated local neighbors always to give context aware recommendation in real time. The characteristics of our research as follows. First, we develop the u-healthcare recommender system for improving life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Second, the proposed recommender system uses autonomous collaboration, which enables users to prevent dropping and not to lose user's interest in improving life habit. Third, the reformation of the social network is automated to maintain the quality of recommendation. Finally, this research has implemented a mobile prototype system using JAVA and Microsoft Access2007 to recommend the prescribed foods and exercises for chronic disease prevention, which are provided by A university medical center. This research intends to prevent diseases such as chronic illnesses and to improve user's lifestyle through providing context aware and personalized food and exercise services with the help of similar users'experience and knowledge. We expect that the user of this system can improve their life habit with the help of handheld mobile smart phone, because it uses autonomous collaboration to arouse interest in healthcare.