• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.573-584
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• 2021

To analyze the effects of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 on daily mortality cases, the relations of death counts from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were applied to the generalized additive model (GAM) in this study. From the coefficients of the GAM model, the excessive mortality risks due to an increase of 10 ㎍/m³ in daily mean PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 for each cause were calculated. The excessive risks of deaths from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases were 0.64%, 1.69%, and 1.16%, respectively, owing to PM₁₀ increase and 0.42%, 2.80%, and 0.91%, respectively, owing to PM_2.5 increase. Our result showed that particulate matter posed a greater risk of death from respiratory diseases and is consistent with the cases in Europe and China. The regional distribution of excessive risk of death is 0.24%-0.81%, 0.34%-2.6%, and 0.62%-1.94% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM₁₀ increase, and 0.14%-1.02%, 1.07%-3.92%, and 0.22%-1.73% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM_2.5 increase. Our results represented a different aspect from the regional concentration distributions. Thus, we saw that the concentration distributions of air pollutants differ from the affected areas and identified the need for a policy to reduce damage rather than reduce concentrations.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2021

Background and objective: While response measures to particulate matters in rural areas are limited due to poor inventory record keeping in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to control agricultural waste vinyl and the emission of precursors released from open burning and the secondary generation of particulate matters. Currently, the open burning emission calculation method uses the definition prescribed in CAPSS by the National Institute of Environmental Research. Methods: This study presented an open burning emission calculation formula for agricultural waste vinyl, which is included as agricultural waste. As for activity data, the open burning ratio of agricultural waste vinyl, and the annual incineration volume provided in the Status Survey by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs were applied. The emission factor was generated through incineration tests on three agricultural plastic film samples collected by the Korea Environment Corporation. Results: Among precursors, SOx and NOx were selected and their emission features were monitored with incineration experiment infrastructure based on the EPA 5G method. The highest emission concentration by agricultural waste type was concentrated in the first and second quarters. As for emission factor of SO₂, it was calculated at 98.25 g/kg for mulching-use LDPE, 52.31 g/kg for greenhouse-use LDPE, and 14.40 g/kg for HDPE. As for NOx, it was calculated at 18.21 g/kg for mulching-use LDPE, 16.49 g/kg for greenhouse-use LDPE, and 10.67 g/kg for HDPE. Conclusion: This test confirmed the incineration features of PE-based plastics, ascertained the SOx emission factor that had not been included in open burning in the past, and established that low NOx emission concentration is interfered by soil mixed with livestock excretions. The findings from this study are expected to contribute to improving the system for controlling air pollutants in rural environments.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2015

Seoul subway plays an important part for the public transportation service in Seoul metropolitan area. As the subway system is typically a closed environment, frequent air pollution problems occurred and passengers get malhealth impact. Especially particulate matters (PM) is well known as one of the major pollutants in subway environments. The purpose of this study was to compare the concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the Seoul subway system and to provide fundamental data in order to management of subway system. $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected in the M station platform and tunnel of Subway Line 4 in Seoul metropolitan and in an outdoor location close to it from Apr. 21, 2010~Oct. 27, 2013. The samples collected on teflon filters using $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ mini-volume portable samplers and PM sequential sampler. The PM contributions were $48.6{\mu}g/m^3$ (outdoor), $84.6{\mu}g/m^3$ (platform) and $204.8{\mu}g/m^3$ (tunnel) for $PM_{10}$, and $34.6{\mu}g/m^3$ (outdoor), $49.7{\mu}g/m^3$ (platform) and $83.1{\mu}g/m^3$ (tunnel) for $PM_{2.5}$. The $PM_{10}$ levels inside stations and outdoors are poorly correlated, indicating that $PM_{10}$ levels in the metro system are mainly influenced by internal sources. In this study, we compared PM concentrations before and after operation of ventilation and Electrostatic Precipitator (EP). Despite the increased PM concentration at outdoor, $PM_{10}$ concentration at platform and tunnel showed the 31.2% and 32.3% reduction efficiency after operation the reduction system. The overall results of this study suggest that the installation and operation of the ventilating system and EP should have served as one of the important components for maintaining the air quality in the subway system.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is produced by chemical reactions between various precursors. PM_2.5 has been found to create greater human risk than particulate matter (PM₁₀), with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller. Ammonia (NH₃) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the sources of secondary generation of PM_2.5. These substances generate PM_2.5 through some chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Through chemical reactions in the atmosphere, NH₃ generates PM_2.5. It is the causative agent of PM_2.5. In 2017 the annual ammonia emission recorded from the agricultural sector was 244,335 tons, which accounted for about 79.3% of the total ammonia emission in Korea in that year. To address this issue, the agricultural sector announced the inclusion of reducing fine particulate matter and ammonia emissions by 30% in its targets for the year 2022. This may be achieved through analyses of its emission characteristics by monitoring the PM_2.5 and NH₃. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the PM_2.5 concentration was measured real-time (every 1 hour) by using beta radiation from the particle dust measuring device (Spirant BAM). NH₃ concentration was analyzed real-time by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). The concentrations of ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were continuously measured and analyzed for the masses collected on filter papers by ultraviolet photometry and chemiluminescence. CONCLUSION: This study established air pollutant monitoring system in agricultural areas to analyze the NH₃ emission characteristics. The amount of PM_2.5 and NH₃ emission in agriculture was measured. Scientific evidence in agricultural areas was obtained by identifying the emission concentration and characteristics per season (monthly) and per hour.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

제주 고산 지역의 이산화탄소(이하 $CO_2$) 농도 현황을 분석하기 위해 세계 온실가스 자료 센터(이하 WDCGG)에 등록되어 있는 관측소 농도와 비교한 결과, 청정한 지역인 남반구보다 인구가 밀집해 있고, 산업 활동이 활발한 북반구의 농도가 더 높게 나타났으며, 특히 북반구 중에서도 한반도를 포함한 아시아 지역 농도가 최근 급증하고 있는 이 지역 $CO_2$ 배출량으로 인해 가장 높게 나타났다. 특히, 제주 고산 지역은 아시아 다른 관측소와 비교하여 농도값이 다소 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였으며, 그 요인을 분석하기 위해 고농도 사례를 선정하여 계절별 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 1월에는 서고/동저의 기압배치가 형성되어 중국으로부터의 기류가 유입되었을 때 고농도가 발생하였으며, 일반대기오염물질의 농도비를 이용한 요인 분석 및 역궤도 추적에서도 장거리 이동에 의한 영향인 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 8월에는 국지적인 영향으로 인한 고농도 사례가 많았으며, 이는 북태평양 고기압에 의해 대기가 정체되어 식물의 호흡작용에 의해 발생한 $CO_2$가 축적되면서 야간 시간대에 급격한 농도 증가 때문인 것으로 보인다. 5월, 11월에는 이동성 저기압에 의해 중국으로부터의 기류가 유입되면서 장거리 이동에 의한 고농도 사례가 많았으며, 5월 25~27일의 황사 사례에서도 높은 $CO_2$ 농도값이 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2022

Background: The health effects of particulate matter (PM_2.5) bonded with various harmful chemicals differ based on their composition, so investigating and managing their concentrations and composition is vital for long-term management. As industrial complexes emit considerable quantities of pollutants, higher PM_2.5 concentrations and chemical component effects are expected than in other places. Objectives: We investigated the concentration distribution ratios of PM_2.5 chemical components to provide basic data to inform future major emissions control and PM_2.5 reduction measures in industrial complexes. Methods: We monitored five sites near the Ansan and Siheung industrial complexes from August 2020 to July 2021. Samples were collected and analyzed twice per week in spring/winter and once per week in summer/autumn according to the National Institute of Environmental Research in the Ministry of Environments' Air Pollution Monitoring Network Installation and Operation Guidelines. We investigated and compared composition ratios of 29 ions, carbon, and elemental components in PM_2.5. Results: The analysis of PM_2.5 components at the five sites revealed that ion components accounted for the greatest total mass at approximately 50% while carbon components and elemental components contributed 23~28% and 8~10%, respectively. Among the ionic components, NO₃^- occupies the greatest proportion. OC occupies the greatest proportion of the carbon components and sulphur occupies the greatest proportion of elemental components. Conclusions: This study investigated the concentration distribution ratios of PM_2.5 chemical components in industrial complexes. We believe these results provide basic chemical component concentration ratio data for establishing future air management policies and plans for the Ansan and Siheung industrial complexes.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the atmospheric concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the urinary concentration of biomarkers in residents near the Shinpyeong·Jangrim Industrial Complex to compare them with those of residents in a control area. Methods: Hazardous air pollutants (PAHs and VOCs) were measured in an exposure area (two sites) and a control area (one site). Urine samples were collected from residents near the industrial complex (184 persons) and residents in the control area (181 persons). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify which factors affected the concentration of PAHs and VOCs metabolites. Results: The average atmospheric concentration of PAHs in Shinpyeong-dong and Jangrim-dong was 0.45 and 0.59 ppb for pyrene, 0.15 and 0.16 ppb for benzo[a]pyrene, and 0.29 and 0.35 ppb for dibenz[a,h]anthracene. The average atmospheric concentration of VOCs was 1.10 and 0.99 ppb for benzene, 8.22 and 11.30 ppb for toluene, and 1.91 and 3.05 ppb for ethylbenzene, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and VOCs in residents near the Shinpyeong·Jangrim Industrial Complex were higher than those of residents in the control area. Geometric means of urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxypyrene, methylhippuric acid, and mandelic acid concentrations were 0.45, 0.22, 391.51, and 201.36 ㎍/g creatinine, respectively. Those levels were all significantly higher than those in the control area (p<0.05). In addition, as a result of multiple regression analysis, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as gender and smoking, the concentration of metabolites in urine was high in residents near the Shinpyeong·Jangrim Industrial Complex. Conclusion: The results of this study show the possibility of human exposure to VOCs in residents near the Shinpyeong·Jangrim Industrial Complex. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the local community is required for the management of environmental pollutant emissions.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2004

Objectives : Iron (Fe) is an essential element in biological processes; however excessive Fe is harmful to human health. Some air pollutants contain a high level of Fe, and the human lung could therefore be over-exposed to Fe through inhaled air pollutants. This study was performed to investigate the role of metal transporters (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1, and metal transporter protein 1, MTP1) in the lung under the environments of Fe deficiency in the body and Fe over-exposure in the lung. Methods : Rats were fed Fe deficient (FeD, 2-6 mg Fe/kg) or Fe supplemented (FeS, 120 mg Fe/kg) diet for 4 weeks, followed by a single intratracheal instillation of ferrous sulfate at low (10 mg/kg) or high (20 mg/kg) dose. Fe concentration was analyzed in the serum, lung and liver, and histopathological findings were observed in the lung at 24 hours after Fe administration. The level of DMT1 and MTP1 expression in the lung was analyzed by RT-PCR. Also, the effect of Fe deficiency in the body was evaluated on the level of Fe concentration and metal transporters compared to FeS-diet fed rats at the end of 4-week FeD or FeS diet. Results : The 4-week FeD diet in rats induced an Fe deficiency anemia with decreased serum total Fe, increased unsaturated Fe binding capacity and hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. The concentration of Fe in the lung and liver was lower in the FeD-diet fed rats than in the FeS-diet fed rats. The level of metal transporters mRNA expression was higher in the FeD-diet fed rats than in the FeS-diet. The concentration of Fe in the lung was increased in a dose-dependent pattern after intratracheal instillation of Fe into the rats, while the level of Fe in the serum and liver was not increased in the low-dose Fe administered rats. Therefore, DMT1 and MTP1 mRNA was highly expressed in both FeD-diet and FeS-diet fed rats, after intratracheal instillation of Fe. Conclusions : DMT1 and MTP1 mRNA were more highly expressed in FeD-diet fed rats than in FeS-diet fed rats. The over-exposure of Fe intratracheally induced high expression of metal transporters and increased Fe deposition in the lung in both FeD-diet and FeS-diet fed rats, but did not increase the Fe level of the serum and liver in low-dose Fe administered rats. These results suggest that the role of metal transporters in the lung might be different in a part from the duodenum under the environment of over-exposure to Fe.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2015

2008년 베이징 올림픽을 전후하여, 그리고 2013년 1월 베이징을 중심으로 중국 전역에서 발생한 스모그 현상으로 대기오염이 심각한 사회문제로 대두되었다. 그 동안 도시화와 산업화가 빠르게 추진되며 중국경제는 급속하게 성장하였으나, 이는 에너지 과소비와 환경오염을 동반하는 성장이었다. 특히 중국의 에너지 소비구조를 보면 석탄의 비중이 절대적으로 높아, 대기오염에 영향을 주고 있다. 또한 도시화 과정에서 도시 인구가 늘어나고, 소득수준의 향상으로 자동차 보유량이 급격하게 증가하면서 대기오염을 더욱 악화시키고 있어 도시 인구와 교통시스템에 대한 관리도 필요하게 되었다. 2000년대 이후 중국은 다양한 대기오염 관리정책을 실시하여 현재 중국의 대기오염물질의 농도는 2000년대 들어 계속 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 대기오염심각지역인 베이징의 경우 $PM_{10}$,$SO_2$,$NO_2$의 농도가 2000년에 각각 $162{\mu}g/m^3$, $71{\mu}g/m^3$, $71{\mu}g/m^3$에서 2013년 $108{\mu}g/m^3$, $27{\mu}g/m^3$, $56{\mu}g/m^3$으로 꾸준히 감소하는 추세를 보인다. 하지만 각각의 수치들을 대기환경기준과 비교했을 때 여전히 높은 수치를 보여 중국의 대기질의 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단되고 있다. 이에 따라 중국은 대기오염 저감을 위한 대기오염 방지와 억제를 위한 저감대책을 수립하게 되었다. 중국 국무원에서 2013년 9월 12일 '2013~2017년 대기오염방지 행동계획'을 발표하면서 이듬해 환경보호법과 대기오염방지법을 개정하였다. 행동계획에서는 징진지(베이징-텐진-허베이), 장강삼각주(상하이 일대) 및 주강삼각주(광동 일대) 등 3대 대기오염 심각지역을 중심으로 계획을 수립하였다. 3대 대기오염 심각지역에서는 $PM_{2.5}$농도를 2012년 대비 각각 25%, 20%, 15% 감축을 하고 이 중 베이징은 $PM_{2.5}$연평균 농도를 $60{\mu}g/m^3$ 수준으로 감축하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이에 따라 징진지(베이징-텐진-허베이) 지역을 중심으로 $PM_{2.5}$저감을 목표로 하여 석탄 규제, 자동차 규제를 포함한 에너지, 공업, 교통, 건설, 농업, 생활 분야 등에서 대기오염방지 행동계획을 수립하였으며 2017년 말까지 목표 달성을 위하여 정책을 시행할 예정이다. 개정된 환경보호법의 경우 2015년 1월 1일부터 발효되었으며 대기오염방지법의 개정은 2015년에 확정하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 우리나라는 중국의 풍하지역으로 중국에서의 대기오염물질 배출을 줄이기 위한 국제적인 협력관계를 만들기 위하여 일본과 더불어 노력하고 있다. 우리나라가 동북아시아의 정치역학상 동북아 환경협력을 적극적으로 추진한다면, 중국에서 우리나라로 이동하는 대기오염물질의 현황의 정확한 파악과 함께 동북아시아 전지역의 대기질에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 중국의 스모그 대응 방안이 중요한 의제가 될 수 있다. 현재 동북아시아에서는 국제적인 협력체계를 만들기 위하여 LTP(Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia), EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia) 사업을 추진하고 있다. 하지만 정부간의 공식 협력체로 구성되지 못하거나 낮은 수준의 합의만 이루어지는 등 포괄적인 협력체계는 이루어지고 있지 않다. 우리나라와 중국의 경우에도 '한-중 양국협력: 한-중 환경협력에 관한 양해각서'를 지난 2014년 7월 체결하여 협력을 도모하고 있으나 이 체결을 통한 한-중 양국의 추가적인 이득은 많지 않은 상태다. 또한 이러한 협력관계도 동북아시아의 정치적 환경에 따라 혹은 중국의 판단에 따라 협력 수준이 변화할 가능성이 높다. 따라서 동북아시아에서 대기환경관련 협력에 있어서 특정 국가의 영향이 압도적이지 않도록 다자간의 대기환경 협력체가 되도록 하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위하여 우리나라는 우리나라와의 대기환경 관련 협력에 참여하는 국가에 실질적인 이득이 되도록 우리나라의 대기환경 산업과 연구, 정책 개발 역량 강화를 통해 중국을 비롯한 일본, 러시아, 몽골, 북한의 참여 또한 유도하여야 할 것이다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.24-35
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• 2003

Recent epidemiologic studies revealed that the concentration of air pollutants and fine particulated matter have some effects on health status and are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to characterize background mass concentration of fine particle (PM2.5) and metallic composition from September 2001 to August 2002 in comparison with a medium city, Asan and metropolitan city, Seoul. Conclusively, proper management for fine particles was required in a medium city, Asan, considering the concentrations of metallic elements in fine particles in Asan were relatively higher than those in Seoul. The results were as followed. 1. Average mass concentrations of fine particles in Asan and Seoul were 37.70(${\pm}18.41{\;}{\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$) and 5.83(${\pm}38.50$) ${\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$, respectively. When the weather conditions were classified as normal and yellow-sand, measured average mass concentrations of fine particles in yellow-sand weather condition was significantly higher than those of normal weather condition in both cities (p<0.05). 2. Depending on seasons, measured average mass concentrations of fine particles in Asan and Seoul in spring were 47.76(${\pm}19.07$) ${\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$m and 61.53 (${\pm}4.37$) ${\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$, respectively. In summer, the average mass concentrations of fine particles in Asan and Seoul were 29.44(${\pm}9.85$) ${\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$ and 25.42(${\pm}8.10$) ${\mu}g/\textrm{m}^3$, respectively. Especially, the concentration was the highest in spring and the lowest in summer among four seasons. 3. Average concentrations of manganese(Mn), iron(Fe), chromium(Cr), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb) and silicon(Si) in fine particles in Asan were significantly higher in Seoul (p<0.05). Average concentration of Si in fine particle in Asan was statistically higher than that of Seoul during yellow -sand condition (p<0.05). 4. Considering the characterization of four seasons, average Pb concentration of fine particle in Asan is significantly higher than that of Seoul in spring(p<0.01). In summer, average Mn and Cr concentrations of fine particle in Asan is higher than those of Seoul (p<0.05). Average Mn, Fe. Cr and Si concentrations in fall (p<0.05), and average Mn, Fe, Cr, Pb, and Si concentrations in winter (p<0.05) in Asan were higher than those of Seoul, respectively. 5. Mass concentrations of each Mn, Fe, Cd and Si in fine particles were significantly correlated with both cities. In normal weather condition, Mn, Cu and Si concentrations are statistically significant in Asan, while Mn, Fe, Cu and Si concentrations are statistically significant in Seoul. Mn, Fe and Si concentrations in both cities were statistically significant during yellow-sand weather.