• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2003

HS, Ammonia, CH$_4$, VOCs, Microorganism, Bacteria etc produced from swineries or henhouses are known to prevent the growth of livestock. Moreover, they give an unpleasant feeling to the workers. In this study, a methodology to remove odors and toxic gases by oxidation of ozone was thus accomplished. However, most ozone generators which use the atmospheric surrounding air have problems of contamination of electrode for discharge. Therefore in this work, a wire-cylinder type plasma reactor with DC voltage has been used both in a laboratory scale test and in the real swinery to solve the existing problems. About 6 cm of electrode gap could decrease the attachment of dusts, humid aerosols and other polymers, which are contained in the air. This compact designed device could produce ozone to oxidize and remove the air pollutants. But the amount of ozone was not large enough to be harmful to human Health. Also, the concentration of ozone was able to be varied by the input voltage. which makes it available for the proposed system to be installed in various kinds of pig houses. With this device, at maximum 43 mg/㎥ (20 ppm) of ozone could be produced at 40 ㎸ input voltage (consumed energy was 0.1 Wh/㎥). A program was also made in this work to calculate the optimum parameters for design of a plasma reactor in wide range of conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.349-359
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• 2005

In this study, we focused on the geographical and the meterological conditions, the atmospheric examination, the soil contents and compositions in order to establish cultural properties conservation plan in Gyeongju and its surroundings. Also, the transport route with environmental contaminants in Ulsan and Pohang was examined. The results could be summarized as follows ; Air pollutant and environmental contaminant was transported by two types of winds. One is induced by local winds, the other is induced by synoptic winds. Air contaminant transported from coastal regions to inland regions were associated with wind velocity. Gyeongju had good atmospheric conditions, i.e. $SO_2\;0.009{\sim}0.011ppm,\;CO\;0.6{\sim}0.8ppm,\;NO_2\;0.015{\sim}0.020ppm,\;O_3\;0.017{\sim}0.032ppm,\;PM_{10}\;46{\sim}62{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;Pb\;0.034{\sim}0.060{\mu}g/m^3$, which was below environmental air qualify standards and was little lower than those of Pohang and Ulsan. However, Ulsan and Pohang city are located on south-east coast and have many industrial facilities. Hence, air pollution problems become serious issues in Ulsan, Pohang, Busan, Daegu and other cities due to the emission of air pollutants from the various industrial facilities, incinerator and power plants, etc. The soil of Gyeongju had heavy metals conditions, i.e. $Cd\;0.01{\sim}0.08mg/kg,\;Cu\;N.D{\sim}2.39mg/kg,\;As\;N.D{\sim}0.07mg/kg,\;Hg\;N.D{\sim}0.15mg/kg,\;Pb\;0.49{\sim}1.39mg/kg,\;Cr^{+6}\;0.02{\sim}0.42mg/kg,\;Fe\;0.74{\sim}1.55mg/kg,\;Mn\;0.11{\sim}0.49mg/kg\;and\;Zn\;1.11{\sim}3.56mg/kg$. However, pH value of soil had range of $4.12{\sim}7.45$. The results showed that high pH concentration of soil could occur due to air pollution diffusion and environmental contaminant transport at Ulsan and Pohang city.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2010

Recently the Korean government has tried to cut down the $PM_{10}$ concentration by the Special Law for Air Quality Improvement. But the concentrations of $PM_{10}$ have exceeded the air quality standard at most monitoring stations. Primary $PM_{10}$ emitted from various sources and emission data have large uncertainty. The biomass burning is one of the major sources of $PM_{10}$ emission. The biomass burning is composed of wood stove usage, meat cooking and agricultural combustion etc.. Activity data and emission factors for the biomass burning are limited, and it is hard to calculate the air pollution emissions from these sources. In this study, we tried to estimate the air pollution emission from residential wood stove usage. The number of total wood stoves is estimated by the survey of wood stove manufacturer. And air pollution emission factors for the wood stove are investigated using the flue gas measurement by U.S. EPA particulate test method (Method 5G). As the results, the $PM_{10}$ and CO emission factors of wood stove are estimated as 7.7 g/kg-wood and 78.8 g/kg-wood respectively. The annual $PM_{10}$ and CO emissions from wood stove are calculated as 1,200~3,600 ton/year and 12,600~36,400 ton/year in Korea. It is confirmed that wood stove is the one of major sources of biomass burning, and the survey for activity data and the measurement for emission factors are needed for reducing the uncertainty of these emission data.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2017

Although it is well known that rain plays an important role in capturing air pollutants, its quantitative evaluation has not been done enough. In this study, the effect of raindrop size on pollutant scavenging was investigated by clarifying the chemical nature of individual size-resolved raindrops and their residual particles. Raindrops as a function of their size were collected using the raindrop collector devised by our oneself in previous study (Ma et al., 2000) during high atmospheric loading for $PM_{2.5}$. Elemental analyses of solid residues and individual residual particles in raindrops were subsequently analyzed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), respectively. The raindrop number concentration ($m^{-2}h^{-1}$) tended to drastically decrease as the drop size goes up. Particle scavenging rate, $R_{sca.}$ (%), based on the actual measurement values were 38.7, 69.5, and 80.8% for the particles with 0.3-0.5, 0.5-1.0, and $1.0-2.0{\mu}m$ diameter, respectively. S, Ca, Si, and Al ranked relatively high concentration in raindrops, especially small ones. Most of the element showed a continuous decrease in concentration with increasing raindrop diameter. The source profile by factor analysis for the components of residual particles indicated that the rainfall plays a valuable role in scavenging natural as well as artificial particles from the dirty atmosphere.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.355-362
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• 2002

There has been relatively a few studies that focused on evaluation of uncertainty for standard methods by which criteria pollutants are analyzed in ambient air. Especially, uncertainty evaluation has not been made yet for sampling and analysis of airborne NO$_2$. Ambient NO$_2$ has been thought to be a major criteria pollutant worldwide because of the potential of ozone formation as well as of its own toxicity. In this study, we tried to assess uncertainties associated with the every step of sampling and of analytical procedure of Griess-Saltzman method. Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) were also emphasized with the uncertainty characterization. The use of Griess-Saltzman method for ambient NO$_2$ analysis showed very uniform daily concentration distribution with the mean of 10.8 ppb and the standard deviation of 1.08ppb during the sampling period. However, seven daily samples collected at the same sampling time and place exhibited highly different concentration distribution. Therefore, we evaluated uncertainties associated with sampling and analysis through the precise application of ISO Guide. Estimates of expanded uncertainties for a total of 62 samples fell in a relatively broad range of 5.17% to 11.85%. On the other hand. the expanded uncertainties were smaller for the high concentration range of greater than 15ppb.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1991

Total suspended particulates (TSP) in the atmosphere was collected and size-fractionated by Andersen high volume air sampler for one year (Mar. 1987 $\sim$ Feb. 1988) in Seoul. The concentrations of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals were determined to investigate the atmospheric concentrations, seasonal variations and its relationship with the size distribution of suspended particulate matter. The arithmetic mean concentration of total suspended particulates was 200.44 $\mug/m^3$. The concentrations of heavy metals were 2433.80 for Fe, 629.49 for Zn, 600.71 for Pb, 143.87 for Cu, and 107.21 $ng/m^3$ for Mn, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs were 3.83 for benzo(a) pyrene, 2.95 for benzo(k)fluoranthene, and 4.42 $ng/m^3$ for benzo(ghi)perylene, respectively. PAHs, Pb and Zn abounded in particles below 2.0 $\mu$m, while Fe and Mn aboounded in particles above 2.0 $\mu$m. TSP and its chemical compositions showed the seasonal variations. The concentrations of anthrophogenic pollutants like TSP, PAHs and heavy metals in the fine particles were highest in winter and lowest in summer. PAHs and Pb analyzed showed significant correlations between each other and between TSP concentration in fine particles, indicating that the particles in which they are contained have a similar behavior in the atmosphere.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.574-583
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• 2008

The results of HAPs emission data using TRI (Toxic Release Inventory), SODAM (Source Data Management system) were investigated and the emissions of 7 heavy metals from their sources and emission processes were also analyzed. Questionnaire for source data analysis as well as the stack sampling were carried out for 17 factories among 6 selected industrial types. The annual amount of emissions was estimated based on the measured concentration and flow rates. All sources were operated with high efficiency control devices and the concentration levels of all heavy metals were shown to be below 0.1 to of regulation standard. The highest emission source of heavy metals was steel manufacturing industry with the annual emission of 342.9 kg/yr and followed by hazardous waste incinerator, paint manufacturing, nonferrous metal manufacturing, rolling & press goods manufacturing and storage battery manufacturing. In the case of Hg, the emissions were quite significant from electric acros of steel manufacturing industry, although the concentration level was below the emission standard, showing the necessity of specific care for its management.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.62-68
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• 1996

Precipitation samples were collected by the wet-only event sampling method at Seoul from September 1991 to April 1995. Concentrations of samples for the ion components($NO_3^-, NO_2^-, SO_4^{2-}, Cl^-, F^-, Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}$ and $NH_4^+$) were measured in addition to pH and electric conductivity. During the sampling period, 182 samples were collected, but only 163 samples were identified as valid. The pH, calculated from the volume-weighted $H^+$ concentration, was found to be 4.7, indicating a relatively intensive acidity compared with data from other regions of the world, where acid deposition was known to be a problem. Above all, the concentration of non-seasalt sulfate was $84 \mu eq/L$, which was the highest compared to that measured in other regions of the world. The major acidifying ions in the precipitation at Seoul were identified as sulfate and nitrate except for chloride, because the Cl/Na ratio in the precipitation was close to the ratio in seawater. If all of the non-seasalt sulfate and nitrate existed in the form of sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively, the average pH in the precipitation was calculated as 3.7, lower than the measured value. Consequently, the difference between the calculated and measured pH suggest that the acidity of precipitation was neutralized by alkaline species, not due to the low contribution of an anthropogenic air pollutants to the precipitation. The equivalent concentration ratio of sulfate to nitrate was 3.5, which indicated that the contributions of sulfuric and nitric acids to the precipitation acidity were 78% and 22%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.391-402
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• 2020

Health Impact Assessment based on municipal law is performed and written in the sanitary and public health part in the current environmental impact assessment. Residential development projects such as housing site development etc., are not subject to health impact assessment under Article 13 of the Environmental Health Act. However, health impact assessment is conducted partially based on the review that health impact assessment targets which are identified among substances emitted from pollutants nearby industrial complexes should be assessed risk (including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) at the stage of the environmental impact assessment consultation. Although residential development projects do not have plans for pollutant emitting facilities that emit hazardous air pollutants, there is a possibility that residents might be affected by pollutants from industrial complex near residential area in the future. In this study, Health impact assessment was conducted to examine the impact on residents in planned areas by analyzing previous residential development projects. We predicted future impact by using the literature survey results on surrounding area (case1) and conducting contribution analysis (case2) and predicting exposure concentration of carcinogenic substances applying Atmospheric Diffusion Model (AERMOD). By this study, we concluded that applying on-site survey, contribution analysis and prediction of exposure concentration by using AERMOD complementarily will be effective to assess the health impact to the receptors by pollutants from industrial complexes near the planned zone.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1001-1005
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• 2005

This paper evaluates the performance of ventilation for the removal of indoor pollutants as a function of ventilation rate and the number of occupants in a test room and school classroom. An experimental apparatus consists of a test room, a tracer gas supply system, a gas detector, and a fan for ventilation air supply with a controller. The ventilation performance is evaluated in a step-down method based on ASTM Standard E741-83 using $CO_{2}$ gas as a tracer gas in the test room of 35 $m^{3}.$ For the ventilation air flow rate of 1.0 ACH, a recommended ventilation flow rate of Korea school standard for acceptable indoor air quality in the case of one person, CO_{2}$ gas concentration decreases up to $55{\%}$ within 50 minutes without occupancy and increases up to $75{\%}$ in the case of one occupant. Also indoor air quality at the school classroom is investigated experimentally.