• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.5
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• pp.171-205
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• 1993

On the contrary to the general principle of private law, carriers' liability for passengers and cargo owners have been quantatively limited in some cases. The author traces the rule of liability limitation in the law of Korea and United States to verify two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that the rule of liability limitation has been introduced to motivate investment when new technology with high risk has been adopted in business. The second hypothesis is that the rule of liability limitation can be maintained only when damages have been fully compensated. The former is a necessary condition for liability limation, and the latter sufficient condition. There are strong evidences for the first hypothesis. Navigation or aviation, artificial satellite lauching, urban transportation system are good examples. The second hypothesis is supported by the fact that there have been continuous controversies on the Warsaw System, including the failure of ratification of Montreal Additional Protocols No.3 & 4 by the U.S. Senate and voluntary removal of liability limitation by the Japanese airline companies. Loss of cargo can be compensated fully, but damages from personal injury and death not. The value of human body and life is not easy to be estimated. Passengers, moreover, do not usually buy insurance for accidents in travel. Passengers do not accept insurance premium as the cost of being whole and alive. They do not accept accident rates realistically. They have no bargaining power in dealing with insurers. The rule of liability limitation in personal losses would not be supported in future because damages have not fully compensated.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.454-460
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• 2009

The subway is the major public transportation system in Seoul with 2.2 million people using it everyday. Indoor air pollution in the subway can be a significant part of population exposure because of the number of people using the subway, time spent in transit and potentially high exposure for certain pollutants. The Korea Ministry of Environment has established the level 2 of recommended standards of $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ in subway trains. The aims of this study were to determine the airborne levels of $PM_{10}$, $CO_2$ and any correlation between pollutant levels and number of passenger in a subway train. The airborne $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ were measured on the inside of trains on line #4 for 4 different days from October to November in 2008. Average $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ levels were $113{\pm}25{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1402{\pm}442$ ppm, respectively. These levels did not exceed the level 2 of recommended standards of $250{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$ and 3500 ppm for $CO_2$. $PM_{10}$ level was not correlated with the number of passengers, while $CO_2$ levels were positively correlated with the number of passengers. The findings suggested that $PM_{10}$ in subway trains may have sources other than those directly associated with the number of passengers.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.410-424
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• 2021

Background: Subway stations have the characteristics of being located underground and are a representative public-use facility used by an unspecified number of people. As concerns about indoor air quality (IAQ) increase, various management measures are being implemented. However, there are few systematic studies and cases of long-term continuous measurement of underground station air quality. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze changes and factors influencing IAQ in subway stations through real-time continuous long-term measurement using IoT-based IAQ sensing equipment, and to evaluate the IAQ improvement effect of a bio-filter system. Methods: The IAQ of a subway station in Seoul was measured using IoT-based sensing equipment. A bio-filter system was installed after collecting the background concentrations for about five months. Based on the data collected over about 21 months, changes in indoor air quality and influencing factors were analyzed and the reduction effect of the bio-filter system was evaluated. Results: As a result of the analysis, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and CO₂ increased during rush hour according to the change in the number of passengers, and PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were high when a PM warning/watch was issued. There was an effect of improving IAQ with the installation of the bio-filter system. The reduction rate of a new-bio-filter system with improved efficiency was higher than that of the existing bio-filter system. Factors affecting PM_2.5 in the subway station were the outdoor PM_2.5, platform PM_2.5, and the number of passengers. Conclusions: The IAQ in a subway station is affected by passengers, ventilation through the air supply and exhaust, and the spread of particulate matter generated by train operation. Based on these results, it is expected that IAQ can be efficiently improved if a bio-filter system with improved efficiency is developed in consideration of the factors affecting IAQ and proper placement.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.157-160
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• 2010

Management of indoor air quality of underground subway station is an important issue since the limited natural ventilation, limited sunshine incoming, and highly moistured atmosphere. The improvement in IAQ of platform is expected because most stations were installed with platform screen door currently, however, the poor air quality in tunnel might be affecting subway cabin indoor. In this study, we developed the air quality assessment model based on computational fluid dynamics. The geometry of air ventilation unit, seat, LCD monitors, and passengers were modeled using commercial software (Design Modeler) and fluid pattern and pollutants trajectories were analyzed by using CFX. We predicted the thermal comfort by predicted mean vote (PMV), distribution of CO2 and PM10 concentration. It is expected that this model can be used for the performance test of air cleaners which are under development.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2006

An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the thickness of the air-gap installed between the roof metal sheet and the headliner on booming noise in passenger cars. In addition, a way of offering quieter driving condition to drivers and passengers was studied. It was found that a very thin air-gap corresponding to approximately 3/100 of the height of the passenger compartment causes noticeable change in the coupled resonance frequencies and acoustic responses. Furthermore, a guideline is proposed for determining an optimal air-gap thickness during design stage of the air-gap beneath the roof metal sheet for reducing booming noise.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.8-12
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• 2008

Heat/smoke detectors are installed in most subway platforms in Korea to detect fire. Subway platform is divided by smoke-control zones for efficient smoke-control. Once the detectors detect heat or smoke, the smoke-control ventilation system in the platform and concourse is activated according to the smoke-control ventilation mode. Smoke-control mode during fires in Korean subway platforms is that the smoke zones operate by exhausting smoke while other zones in the platform and in the concourse which is the upper floor of the platform operate by supplying air or stopping any ventilation. This study is conducted to evaluate performance of passengers' evacuation for various smoke control modes in the subway station. Distribution of smoke and heat due to fire on the platform is analyzed by using Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS V 4.06) of NIST. Various smoke-control ventilation modes and locations of fire are considered. Evacuation and movement of passengers within the platform is simulated by building EXODUS V.4.0.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2010

The role of airports in the metropolitan area in Korea is very important which is located on the center of Northeast Asia considered as the highest potential growth continent in the world air transport market. This study includes comparison on service quality between Gimpo Airport and Incheon Airport which are indicated as multi-airport system in the metropolitan area appraised by passengers from Korea, Japan and China, and analysis on primary factors of airport service which affect the customer satisfaction and loyalty. The service quality appraised in the order of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese and the analysis result indicated that the service quality factors which influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty were all different among passengers from three countries. Information service was the priority factor for customer satisfaction to Chinese and Korean, but Japanese considered that personal service was the most important factor. This research paper tried to provide many current issues and guides to operational strategy including plan for the specialized routes of multi-airport system in domestic metropolitan area.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.03b
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• pp.276-279
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• 2008

Heat/smoke detectors are installed in most subway platforms in Korea to detect fire. Subway platform is divided by smoke-control zones for efficient smoke-control. Once the detectors detect heat or smoke, the smoke-control ventilation system in the platform and concourse is activated according to the smoke-control ventilation mode. Smoke-control mode during fires in Korean subway platforms is that the smoke zones operate by exhausting smoke while other zones in the platform and in the concourse which is the upper floor of the platform operate by supplying air or stopping any ventilation. This study is conducted to evaluate performance of passengers' evacuation for various smoke control modes in the subway station. Distribution of smoke and heat due to fire on the platform is analyzed by using Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS V 4.06) of NIST. Various smoke-control ventilation modes and locations of fire are considered. Evacuation and movement of passengers within the platform is simulated by buildingEXODUS V 4.0.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to provide marketing implications for training and face-to-face service employee communication by analyzing how communication by Korean crews at foreign airlines affects passengers' perception and how this perception relates to airline service quality and customer satisfaction. Research design, data: The collection of questionnaires for the demonstration in this study has collected 300 questionnaires for about a month for Korean passengers who are aware of the presence of Korean crew on board aircraft. Results: The study analyzed the relationship between the communication ability, customer satisfaction, and reuse intention of foreign airlines. An empirical analysis of the relationship between quality of airline service, customer satisfaction, and intention of re-use can suggest the following implications based on the language and non-verbal communication capabilities of the Korean crew working for foreign airlines. Conclusions: We studied the impact of communication between Korean crews working for foreign airlines on the quality of airline service, customer satisfaction and reuse intention. The Korean crew should also work for overseas airlines and consider communication as important and expand their overall foreign language education and communication skills to have a positive impact on not only Korean passengers but also their own citizens.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.473-481
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• 2010

Forecasting for air demand such as international passengers and freight has been one of the main interests for air industries. This research has mainly focus on the comparison of the performances of the multivariate time series models. In this paper, we used real data such as exchange rates, oil prices and export amounts to predict the future demand on international passenger and freight.