• 제목/요약/키워드: Air Classification

검색결과 346건 처리시간 0.024초

Estimation of Potential Water Resources in Mega Cities in Asia

  • Takuya, Komura;Toshitsugu, Moroizumi;Kenji, Okubo;Hiroaki, Furumai;Yoshiro, Ono
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2008년도 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.75-81
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    • 2008
  • The water shortage in mega cities in Asia, which face a rapid growth in urban population, is an outstanding problem. It is important, therefore, to accurately estimate the water balance in each city in order to use the limited water resources effectively. In this study, we estimated the potential water resources in し sixteen mega cities in Asia. The target cities were Delhi and Calcutta, India; Colombo, Sri Lanka; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Yangon, Myanmar; Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Singapore; Jakarta, Indonesia; Hanoi, Vietnam; Beijing and Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China; Seoul, the People's Republic of Korea; Manila, the Philippines, and Sapporo and Tokyo, Japan. The potential water resources were estimated by subtracting the actual evaporation from the amount of rainfall. The actual evaporation was estimated using the potential evaporation obtained by Hamon's equation which requires the air temperature and the possible hours of sunshine. When the results of Hamon's and Penman's evaporation equations were compared, a considerable error appeared in the low latitude region. The estimation using Hamon's equation was corrected with the linear regression line of Hamon's and Penman's equations. A classification of the land cover was carried out based on satellite photographs of the target cities, and the volume of surface runoff for each city was obtained using the runoff ratios which depended on the land cover. As a result, the potential water resources in the above mega cities in Asia were found to be greater than the world average. However, the actual water resources which are available for one person to use are probably very limited.

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일본 신축주택의 실내 VOC의 실태와 농도추이 특성에 의한 유형별 대표물질선정 (Selection on Representative Compound According to the Characteristics of the Change of VOC Concentration Indoor from the Newly Built House in Japan)

  • 유복희;다나카 타츠아키;윤정숙
    • KIEAE Journal
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2001
  • The VOC, which were detected from the newly built house, exist as a certain number of types according to the characteristics of the change of VOC concentration indoors. In this paper, we aim to divide the VOC into types so that those with similar characteristics of the transition of their concentration are in the same group and select the representative compound according to each classified type, and to verify these processes statistically in order to verify and propose new method creating the representing index of the VOC concentration in indoor which is used in evaluation of the degree of air pollution. As a result, the characteristic of the change of VOC concentration in the indoor can be divided into three types. Type1; the group in which the concentration is relatively high right after the completion of the house, and then decreases rapidly. Type2; the group in which the concentration is relatively low right after the completion of the house, and then although it shows the tendency of increasing and decreasing repeatedly, it decreases overall. Type3 is the group, which show only one peak at a certain time during the measuring period. As the method like this was verified to have the statistical significance, the Ethylbenzene was selected as the representative compound of type1, and Styrene was selected as that of type2. Moreover, if considering transition of the VOC from the point of similarity, the research method of making the classification and the selection of the representative compound in this study are said to be significant method.

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우리나라에서 관측된 구름의 분류 (A Classification of Clouds Observed in Korea)

  • 소선섭;전삼진
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제18권6호
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    • pp.565-578
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    • 1997
  • 구름의 생성 원인은 상승기류에 의한 단열 냉각인데 이에는 대류에 의한 상승기류와 전선에 동반되는 상승기류가 있고 또 복사냉각과 한냉공기와 온난공기의 혼합 등이 있다. 이러한 구름의 생성원인에 따라 대기 중에 떠 있는 구름은 고도와 모양이 다양하다. 구름모양은 L. Howard가 1803년에 제창한 것에 기초를 두고 분류되어 있으며, 분류의 기본은 가늘고 긴 섬유모양의 구름, 층모양의 구름, 뭉게뭉게 쌓인 구름의 3가지 형태로 크게 구분되고, 고도와 형태에 따라 다시 10 류(類)로 세분되어진다. 대부분이 유형은 구름의 외관상 특징이나 대류의 강도와 같은 구조상의 차이에 따라 종(種)별로 더욱더 세분된다. 때로는 구름은 어떤 모양의 모체의 그 일부가 전혀 별개의 유형으로 발생하거나 모체 전체가 별개의 유형으로 변화하는데 이 경우에는 원래 유형의 구름을 어미 구름이라고 한다. 우리나라에서는 층적운, 고층운, 권운의 구름들이 자주 나타난다. 일반적으로 고층운, 층운, 층적운과 같은 층운형에서 비나 눈이 내리고, 적운형인 고적운, 적운, 적란운에서는 소나기, 우박이 내리거나 모체 전체가 별개의 유형으로 변화하는데 이 경우에는 원래 유형의 구름을 어미 구름이라고 한다. 우리나라에서는 층적운, 고층운, 권운의 구름들이 자주 나타난다. 일반적으로 고층운, 층운, 층적운과 같은 층운형에서 비나 눈이 내리고, 적운형인 고적운, 적운, 적란운에서는 소나기, 우박의 강수현상이 있다.

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전국(全國) 동결(凍結)깊이 분포(分布)와 동결깊이 및 동결지수(凍結指數)와의 상관관계(相關關係) (The Distribution Frost Penetration Depth and Relationship between Frost Penetration and Freezing Index in South Korea)

  • 김상규;박상길;박방훈
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.79-90
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    • 1990
  • 국립 건설 시험소에서 1980년 부터 1989년에 이르기가지 10년 동안 전국에 걸쳐 동결(凍結)된 지반의 깊이를 조사하였다. 그 위치는 무작위(無作爲)로 선정하였으나 동결이 심한 지반에 대해 조사하도록 노력하였다. 조사지점의 동결토(凍結土)를 채취하여 미 공병단의 동결토(凍結土) 분류방법(分類方法)에 따라 분류하였다. 동결 깊이 조사자료를 근거로 하여 전국(全國) 최대(最大) 동결(凍結)깊이 선도(線圖)가 작성되었다. 한편, 기상자료를 이용하여 포장설계에 이용할 수 있도록 설계 동결지수선도를 작성하고, 1980년에 도로조사단에서 작성한 자료(資料)와 비교 분석하였다. 동결깊이는 공기동결지수의 3승근(乘根)에 비례하는 새로운 경험식을 제안(提案)하고 다른 경험식과 비교하였다.

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노후 운행경유차의 NOx 배출특성분석 및 조기폐차대책을 통한 삭감 방안 검토 (Evaluation of Accelerated Retirement Program for In-use Diesel Vehicles based on their NOx Emission Characteristics)

  • 길지훈;임윤성;김형준;노현구;윤보섭;이상은;이태우;김정수;최광호
    • 한국분무공학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.122-128
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    • 2017
  • Currently, the proportion of diesel vehicles in all automobile has grown significantly over the past few years. Air pollutant also grew up and became a social problem. In particular, the issue of NOx emissions caused by NOx high emission in real driving has become a global issue. Despite the fact that the regulatory and reduction project of the new vehicle is actively carried out, there are no existence regulations of In-use diesel vehicle's NOx emission. Therefore, the emission characteristics of the in-use diesel vehicles were investigated to seek ways to reduce NOx emissions in this study. The test targets were used in 237 close inspection of exhaust gases and model year varied from 1996 to 2011. However, the classification of emissions by emission standards differed considerably from NOx emissions. This means that the selection method for early retirement targets should be converted from model year to amount of emissions. If the current early retirement program was applied to the existing system, pre-Euro 3 was 22.530 g/km and Euro 4 was 21.810 g/km to NOx reduction. However, when the vehicle was changed to high emission target vehicle, NOx reduction increase maximum 84.705 kg/yr. According to the study results, an effective reduction in NOx emissions can be achieved if an earlier target in expanded to Euro 4 vehicles.

농지평가에 있어서 토질등급의 이용과 적용 ; 사우스다코다주의 사례 (Application and Use of Land Quality Ratings in the Valuation of Agricultural Land:An Evaluation of the South Dakota Experience)

  • ;정덕영;심호영
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.288-291
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    • 2004
  • 미국의 South Dakoda주에서는 농지 평가를 위하여 토양생산등급체계와 토양분류를 점토하였다. 현재 그리고 앞으로 우리가 직면할 환경과 농업토양과 관련한 문제에 대하여, 우리가 실질적으로 쉽게 획득할 자료는 많지 않다. 그러므로 적절한 평가방법을 수행하고 자료를 발굴하기 하기 위하여 다양한 기술을 개발적용하고, 그리고 필요를 확인하기 위하여 정부와 민간분야의 의뢰인들이 같이 연구하였다. 세무관련자, 부동산평가인 등이 토양생산등급체계를 토지가격작업에 적용하였다. 그리고 경제학자들은 이를 농지의 이익과 제한요인과 함께 검토하였다 농지의 실질적 가격은 토지로터 안전농산물을 생산하는 것 외에 농업활동에 의한 환경개선이나 보호에 대한 농업의 전망을 충족시키는가에 의해 결정되어야 한다. 그러므로 우리는 모두 토양, 물, 대기가 농업이나 산림에 미치는 영향력을 이해하는 것이 더 중요하다.

Chemical Properties and Source Profiles of Particulate Matter Collected on an Underground Subway Platform

  • Ma, Chang-Jin;Lee, Kyoung-Bin;Kim, Shin-Do;Sera, Koichiro
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.165-172
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    • 2015
  • Under a very tough situation that there has been increasing concern to the air quality in underground subway spaces, this study set sights on the thorough estimation of the chemical properties and source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) collected on an underground subway platform by a cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PMs were intensively collected on the platform of Miasageori station on the Seoul Subway Line-4, and then, they were semibulkily analyzed by a PIXE and the TOR$^{(R)}$ method, and individually analyzed by a SEM-EDX. Overwhelmingly enriched iron was a notable feature of elemental concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. Source classification of iron in $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ performed along with their elemental concentrations, indicates that the railway originated iron accounts for 95.71% and 66.39% of total iron in $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. Via a stoichiometric categorization, $Fe_2O_3$, $CaAl_2Si_2O_8$, $Al_2O_3$, and $CaCO_3$ show more than 85% abundance ratio in individual coarse particles. The result of theoretical estimation of the subway derived organic carbon ($OC_{Subway}$) suggests that $OC_{Subway}$ in $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5-1}$ account for 75.86% and 51.88% of total organic carbon, respectively.

마이크로 센서 어레이 제작 및 폭발성 가스 인식으로의 응용 (Micro Sensor Away and its Application to Recognizing Explosive Gases)

  • 이대식;이덕동
    • 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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    • 제40권1호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2003
  • 폭발성 가스의 증류 및 그 양을 검지하기 위한 4 개의 개별 센서가 한 마이크로 열판 위에 집적된 센서어레이를 개발했다. 이 센서어레이는 각종 가스에 대해 다양한 감도 패턴을 가지며, SnO2를 모물질로 하는 4 개의 산화물 반도체 마이크로 가스센서로 구성하였다. 다공질에 큰 비표면적을 가진 모물질에 서로 다른 촉매를 첨가하여 감지물질을 제작함으로써 저농도에 대한 감도 및 재현성을 높였고, 센서어레이 전반에서 균일한 온도 분포가 되도록 설계하였다. 마이크로 열판은 N/O/N 박막을 가진 실리콘 기관을 이용하여, 열적 고립을 위해 Al 본딩 와이어로 공기중에 부유되어 있고, CMP 공정으로 두께를 제어하여 소모 전력을 조절하였다. 400℃에서 동작하는 센서어레이로부터 얻은 감도를 이용하여 주성분 분석 기법을 통해 폭발 하한값의 범위에서 부탄, 프로판, LPG, 그리고 일산화탄소 등과 같은 폭발성 빛 유독성 가스의 증류 및 양을 신뢰성 있게 식별할 수 있었다.

간호학생이 내린 간호진단 분석에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Classification of Nursing Diagnoses by Student Nurses)

  • 민순
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.457-471
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    • 1995
  • This research was done to promote improvement of practical application of nursing diagnoses and to improve the quality of nursing. The subjects of this research were 156 second year students of C junior nursing college who were giving adult patient care. The nursing diagnoses of 312 reports were analyzed using NANDA. In these case reports only nursing diagnoses were considered, of which there were a total of 982. In the data analysis the 9H of the nursing students' nursing diagnoses matched with 105 NANDA nursing diagnoses, Of these, the most frequent diagnoses were pain(165, 17.48%), anxiety(101, 10.70%), alteration in nutrition(83, 8.79%) , sleep disturbance (67, 7.10%), in activity intolerance (67, 7.10%), ineffective breathing pattern(51,5.40%). The etiology for the students' nursing diagnoses were compared with NANDA's nursing diagnoses by frequency. The most frequent etiology for the nursing diagnoses of pain was a biological etiology(50, 31%), for anxiety, situation crisis(58, 57.43%), for alteration in nutrition, indigesion(23, 27.71%), for sleep disturbance, external etiology(25, 37.32%), for activity intolerance, immobile position(22, 32.84%), for ineffective breathing pattern, pain(35, 68.63%), and for ,impaired physical mobility, pain(31, 65.96%). The most frequent etiology for constipation was inadquate digestion of water and cellulose (16, 34.78%), for fluid volume felicity, loss of body fluid (21, 52.50%), for impaired skin integrity, external etilogy(16, 43.24%), for impaired physical mobility, pain(22, 62.86%) , for knowledge deficits, cognition disturbance(9, 27.27%), for ineffective air way clearance, secretion obstruction(14, 48.27%) , for impaired gas exchange, loss of transport ability of blood oxygen(9, 37.50%) , and for powerlessness, therapy environment (5, 22.73%). The number of nursing diagnoses by pattern was exchange(16), moving(6), feeling(4), choosing(4), relating(3), communication(1), perceiving(1), knowing(1), valuing(1).

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The Classification of Manufacturing Work Processes to Develop Functional Work Clothes - With a Reference to the Automobile, Machine and Shipbuilding Industries -

  • Park, Ginah;Park, Hyewon;Bae, Hyunsook
    • 패션비즈니스
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    • 제16권6호
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    • pp.21-35
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    • 2012
  • In consideration of the injuries and deaths occurring at manufacturing sites due to the use of inappropriate work clothes or safety devices, this study aims to categorize manufacturing work processes to develop functional work clothes for heavy industries including the automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries in South Korea. Defining the features of the work environments and work postures of these industries provided for a categorization of the work processes which would enable the development of suitable work clothes for each work process' category. The results of the study based on a questionnaire survey are as follows: Work process category 1, including steel panel pressing and auto body assembly, final inspection (in automobile) and inspection (in machine), requires work clothes with upper body and arm mobility and performance to protect from the toxic fume factor. Work process category 2, consisting of welding (in automobile), cutting-and-forming (in machine) and attachment-and-construction (in shipbuilding), requires clothing elasticity, durability and heat and fire resistance. Work process category 3 comprising welding and grinding in the machine and shipbuilding industries, requires work clothes' tear resistance and elasticity, particularly for lateral bending mobility, and work clothes' sleeves' and pants' hemlines with sealed designs to defend against iron filing penetration, as well as incombustible and heat-resistant material performance. Finally, work process category 4, including painting in machine and shipbuilding, requires work clothes with waterproofing, air permeability, thermal performance, elasticity, durability and abrasion resistance.