• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

The buffer capacity of food waste lowers during the collecting and transportation period. Food waste usually shows deficiency of micro nutrients especially molybdenum(Mo) and cobalt(Co). Therefore, food waste can be considered as a good mixture of livestock waste to enhance methane production. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between properties of substrates (local food waste and livestock manure) and methane yields for successive anaerobic fermentation process and its stable management. Food wastes were taken at an intermediate storage or treatment system provided by eight local authorities (Gangnam, Gangdong, Gwanak, Guro, Dongjak, Songpa, Yeongdeungpo, and Younsan) in Seoul. The solid content and potential methane yield of food wastes were average of 16% and $446.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ (range from 334.8 to $567.5STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$) respectively. As for the beef cattle manure, the solid content and potential methane yield had an average of 26% and $280.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ respectively. Potential methane yield had a positive correlation with fat content, and hydrogen content and a negative correlation with carbohydrate content ($r^2>0.8$). Therefore, the potential methane yield can be predicted based on the substrate characterization results with reasonable accuracy. Further research may be needed to investigate the relation of the properties of the mixture substrate and methane production rate. The mixtures may include food waste, livestock waste, and bulking agents (saw dust, rice hull, or agricultural byproducts etc.) to determine best combination of these substrates for maximum methane production rate.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 2004

High yield arable and crop farming demands a temporally and quantitatively determined application of plant nutrients according to field and culture. The nutrients may come from commercial fertilizers or from animal wastes. Regarding the dangers to soil, water and air, which come from current agricultural application measures for nitrogen, a sectoral approach for a nonpolluting liquid manure utilization can-not be used ally longer. An integrated system approach has to be found, leading to a drastic improvement of nutrient utilization and hence to a considerably reduced nutrient use. This can be only expected, if the organic manure can be applicated at times, when losses through leaching and volatilization can be minimized.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1994

An experiment on the expression and dewatering of chinese cabbage was conducted in order to investigate its dewatering behavior. Chopped cabbage was packed into cylinder and pressed by piston upto the predetermined pressure on Instron-1000. The rates of dewatering were affected domintantly by the applied pressure, but not significantly by the packed amount of cabbage in the cylinder. The pressure effect was increased very abruptly at first, but the increase rate was very low at high pressure greater than 20 MPa, showing great deviation from linear dependence of flow rate on pressure in Darcy's Law. Therefore, water expression from cabbage was not Newtonian flow of water through cell wall. In fact, the squeezed water contained a lot of solid particles, about 3% of solid cabbage particles, showing destruction of cell wall. It appeared that compression and dewatering of vegetable wastes in the low pressure. under 20 MPa, is more desirable for later treatment of the dewater. More researches are needed in order to develop a treatment method for the solid particles in the expressed water before an expeller treatment system can be applied to vegetable wastes.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 1997

In order to investigate the compost process and the evaporating phenomenon, a rotary reversing compost system has been tested in swine fm. In the summer season, the compost temperature were varied in the range of 50~$60^{\circ}C$ and the ash content has been increased to 12.8% showing in average of 24.7% at the end of phase. In the winter season, the compost temperature were varied in the range of 40~$57^{\circ}C$ and the ash content has been increased to 8.5% showing in the average of 18% at the end of phase. In summer the compost facility could handle all of the animal waste, but in winter it could not handle 1/4~1/3 of the animal excrement. The needed sawdust by this method could be reduced to 1/3 than that of the mixing method at the beginning of compost process.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2008

In this study, the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of school waste which is located in B area, kyunggi-do was investigated. It is necessary to measure the characteristics of school waste to build the data-base for resource and recycling of waste. This school waste was composed of 12.25% of food wastes, 56.26% of papers, 9.26% of plastics&vinyls, 1.52% of textiles, 3.70% of wood, 0.11% of rubbers&leathers and others, respectively. Most of school wastes are mainly composed of paper and plastic waste and composition of combustible waste was about as 90%. From 3-components analysis, contents of moisture, combustible component, and ash was 5.72%, 88.29% and 5.98%, respectively. Moisture content was higher in Agricultural Dwelling school area compare to the urban dwelling school area. The chemical element of the school waste has the high order of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen on the dry basis of wastes and the low heating value of the MSW which is measured by calorimeter is shown as 3720.44kcal/kg.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.56-62
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• 2013

The biomass resources is one of promising ways to solve energy exhaustion issues and global warming issues at the same time. To evaluate domestic biomass resources potential such as agricultural wastes, forestry wastes, livestock wastes and municipal solid wastes, statistics data from various organizations were collected and analyzed in this study. Also, space energy densities of each districts in Korea were calculated and analyzed. The results from the evaluation of biomass energy potential and space energy densities in Korea might be useful to estimate the availability of biomass energy conversion processes and to choice a appropriate process to convert domestic biomass into energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1773-1775
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• 2002

Tannery waste contained 90.93% DM, 77.02% CP, 0.77% CF, 2.83% EE, 7.19% ash and 3,450 kcal ME/kg DM. A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks were divided into three dietary groups; $D_1$ (Containing 10% protein concentrate-PC), $D_2$ (Containing 5% PC+5% tannery waste-TW) and $D_3$ (Containing 10% TW) having 3 replicates of 16 chicks in each. The birds were fed broiler starter diet containing 22% CP, 3,000 kcal ME/kg and broiler finisher diet containing 21% CP, 3,100 kcal ME/kg up to 42 days of age, and meat yield traits were measured from the representative birds from each replication to asses the feasibility of using tannery waste in the diet of broiler. Feed intake, live weight, feed conversion efficiency and livability did not differ between diets (p>0.05) but the cost of production and profitability differed significantly (p<0.001). Profitability of D1, D2, and D3 diets were 2.98, 9.90 and 14.04 Taka/kg respectively. Diets did not affect on meat yield traits (p>0.05), except gizzard, shank and feather weight (p<0.01). Gizzard and shank weigh were improved with increasing level of tannery wastes in the diet, hence tannery waste can be used without any harmful effect in the broiler diet.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

Once of recent issue in the leather industry is disposal of shaving scrap containing chromium. Shaving scrap is indispensible generated by control of the final thickness in the leather making process. It is the flesh layer of the skin consisting mainly of collagen. More recently, we have tried to improve the quality of the isolated gelatin. The purpose of this research was to extract gelatin for agricultural usage. As a result, it does not contain Cr and could obtained to a good gelatin that have more than 130,000Da. average molecular weight, more than 30 mps viscosity and more than 100g jelly strength. Gelatin that is extracted by alkaline condition expected to be available to high performance gelatin such as material of organic fertilizer(ex, Nitrogen-release fertilizer).

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 1999

This study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of washing technique for reducing the heavy metal contamination level of tailing wastes and agricultural soil surrounding abandoned metal mines. Some organic acids with low molecular weight were used as washing solution. Initial contamination levels of copper and lead for some soil samples were found to exceed the standard levels of countermeasure and concern, and those of cadmium to approach the standard level of countermeasure. Experimental results using sequential extraction method revealed that more than half of copper and lead existing in tailing wastes are adsorbed forms available for plants. There are some proportional relationships between metal concentrations determined by using 0.1N HCI solution and those determined by sequential extractions. Citric acid was turned out to be superior to oxalic acid and acetic acid with low molecular weight in washing above three metals. When citric acid is used for washing heavy metals from soil, it is desirable to operate at pH less than 5.5 for better washing effect. Metal removal effect by citric acid solution has been proved to depend upon solution concentration and the mass ratio of solution to soil. Addition of SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) to citric acid improved the washing effect of cadmium among three metal most significantly. while copper removal did not change. Washing technique using citric acid for removal of heavy metals from agricultural soil or tailing wastes is recognized to be an effective remediation method.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.1 s.94
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• pp.30-35
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• 2007

Waste policies with waste metering system and recycling in 1995 have contributed to the reduction of solid waste generation. Now rural areas as well as urban areas produce less amount of solid wastes in terms of per capita. However most policies in relation to waste issue have been concentrated in urban areas. Large portion of agricultural waste in rural region are being illegally treated such as open incineration or burned out on the road. In this study, we assessed the atmospheric air quality and health risk by illegal open incineration in rural region. In case of benzene level, worst concentration during illegal open incineration was 0.23 ppm and cancer risk by exposure was estimated to $2.29{\times}10^{-3}$.