• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2019

In this study, the changes in microbial communities of lamb meat packaged in the air (plastic tray, PT) and in a vacuum pouch (VAC) were assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) during the storage at $4^{\circ}C$. For the PT lamb, the total viable count (TVC) was $10^7CFU/g$ on Day 5, and the dominated bacteria were Pseudomonas fragi, P. fluorescens, and Acinetobacter spp. For the VAC lamb, the TVC was $10^7CFU/g$ on Day 9, and the dominated bacteria were lactic acid bacteria, including Carnobacterium divergens, C. maltaromaticum, and Lactococcus piscium. One strain of Pseudomonas spp. also appeared in VAC lamb. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in VAC lamb was higher than that PT lamb, indicating a more important role of Enterobacteriaceae in spoilage for VAC lamb than that of PT lamb. The microbial compositions changed faster in the lamb stored in a PT than that stored in a VAC, and microbial community compositions of the late storage period were largely different from those of the early storage period for both the conditions. The findings of this study may guide improve the lamb hygiene and prolong the shelf life of the lamb.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.496-499
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• 2014

The present study investigated variations in soil microbial communities and the chemical properties of forest soils by differing amounts of penetrating sunlight. The soil temperature was significantly higher in higher light-penetrated soils. Higher light-penetrated soils (LP70) showed significantly more fungal communities than the lower light-penetrated soils (LP40 and LP50) (p < 0.05). The $NH_4$-N concentration in LP70 was significantly lower than those of LP40 and LP50, whereas the other chemical properties showed no significant difference among the soils. The cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio was significantly lower in LP70 than in LP 40 and LP50 showing the negative correlation of light level with microbial stresses (p < 0.05). The soil microbial communities and the chemical properties that showed positive eigenvector coefficients for PC1 were the fungi to bacteria, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and Gram-positive bacteria, whereas negative eigenvector coefficients were found for $NH_4$-N, actinomycetes, Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteria. Consequently, the amount of penetrating light was responsible for microbial compositions in the forest soils in correlation with the concentration of $NH_4$-N and soil temperature.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.54-65
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• 2017

Background: "Igune," a traditional agricultural landscape in the Tohoku region of Japan, is characterized by small-scale artificial woodlots surrounding a farmer's house that are interspersed with paddy fields. During the rapid economic growth of Japan over recent decades, some igune woodlots have been abandoned or logged. Biodiversity conservation is an important issue worldwide, and traditional agricultural landscapes are of particular interest. To elucidate the role of igune landscapes in conserving biodiversity, we examined the effects of environmental factors on avian communities. Results: The study was conducted in the suburban areas of Oshu and Hanamaki cities, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, at eight sites that varied in the density and area of igune woodlots within the landscape. Bird surveys were conducted from the middle to late breeding season, and several environmental factors of the igune landscape were also measured. The results of canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the characteristics of avian communities were mainly determined by the total forested area in the landscape. Increased total forested area and shrubs layer of igune woodlots did not cause a reduction in number of bird species of any habitat and foraging types, while increased both in species number and abundance of insectivores and forest species. The number of raptor species increased in igune sites without shrubs. Conclusions: Our results suggest that maintaining igune landscapes may enhance avian diversity within this landscape, although the effects of shrubs within igune varied; developed bush communities increased the evenness of the avian community, whereas some raptor species preferred an open forest understory.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2011

The present study was aimed to evaluate the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method in paddy soils at 20 sites in Gyeongnam Province. The soil microbial biomass carbon content of fan and valley $1,266mg\;kg^{-1}$ was higher than alluvial plain $578mg\;kg^{-1}$ (p<0.05). In addition, The dehydrogenase activity of fan and valley $204{\mu}g\;TPF\;g^{-1}\;24h^{-1}$ was higher than alluvial plain $93{\mu}g\;TPF\;g^{-1}\;24h^{-1}$ (p<0.05). The communities of total bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria in the fan and valley paddy soils were significantly higher than those in the alluvial plain paddy soils (p<0.05). Total bacteria communities should be considered as a potential responsible factor for the obvious microbial community differentiation that was observed between the fan and valley and alluvial plain in paddy soils.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.235-242
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• 2020

In order to promote digital transformation of our agricultural and rural communities in the wake of the fourth industrial revolution and prepare for the upcoming artificial intelligence era, it is necessary to establish a system and system that can collect, analyze and utilize necessary quality data. To this end, we will investigate and analyze problems and issues felt by various stakeholders such as farmers and agricultural officials, and present strategic measures to revitalize big data, which must be decided in order to promote digital transformation of our agricultural and rural communities, such as expanding big data platforms for joint utilization, establishing sustainable big data governance, and revitalizing the foundation for big data utilization based on demand.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.118-126
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• 2011

Ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) profiles were used to describe differences in soil microbial communities influenced by conventional farming system (CFS), and organic farming system (OFS) in controlled horticultural land. Soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities were determined in the experimental fields. Higher organic matter content in OFS reduced soil bulk density which in turn increased the soil porosity. Generally, soil chemical properties in OFS were higher than those of CFS, but EC value in OFS was significantly lower than that of CFS. With the exception of Fe content, other macronutrient contents and pH in both farming system decreased with the soil depth. Soil microbial biomass of OFS was approximately 1.3 times in topsoil and 1.8 times in subsoil higher than those of CFS. Lower ratios of cy17:0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ and cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ were found in the CFS soils than the OFS soils, indicating that microbial stress decreased. The ratio of MUFA to SFA was higher in OFS due to organic input to the soil. In principal components analysis (PCA), the first variable accounted for 54.3%, while the second for 27.3%, respectively. The PC1 of the PCA separated the samples from CFS and OFS, while the PC2 of the PCA separated the samples from topsoil and subsoil. EL-FAMEs with the positive eigenvector coefficients for PC1 were cy17: 0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ ratio, cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio, soil pH, soil organic matter, and soil $NO_3$-N content. Our findings suggest that the shifting cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio should be considered as potential factors responsible for the clear microbial community differentiation observed between different cultivation systems and soil depth in controlled horticultural land.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1164-1168
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• 2011

This study evaluated the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method in soils (6 sites for immatured paddy, 9 sites for normal paddy, and 5 sites for sandy paddy) in Gyeongnam Province. The soil microbial biomass carbon content in normal and sandy paddy were 1,235 and $441mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, showing the soil microbial biomass carbon content in normal paddy was higher than that in sandy paddy. The soil organic matter contents $33g\;kg^{-1}$ of immatured and normal paddy were higher than sandy paddy $18g\;kg^{-1}$ (p<0.05). The communities of total bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria in normal paddy were significantly higher than those in sandy paddy (p<0.05). Total bacteria communities should be considered as a potential responsible factor for the obvious microbial community differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2018

Extensive monitoring of aquatic organisms in rice paddy fields has been difficult due to laborious sampling methods such as quadrat sampling using a hand net. This study aimed to analyze temporal and regional community compositions of aquatic organisms collected with a less time-consuming sampling method. This method involved using submerged funnel traps in rice paddy fields. Submerged funnel traps were useful for capturing taxa containing species that are indicative of environmental changes and highly mobile species that feed on waterbirds. Fifteen taxa including Ampullariidae, Cobitidae, Chironomidae, Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae determined the community compositions. Among the major taxa, only Chironomidae resistant to environmental disturbances represented temporal variations of aquatic organism communities in rice paddy fields. Ampullariidae, Dytiscidae, and Hydrophilidae, which are prone to be affected by anthropogenic activities, differed among regions.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2000

Securing food safety, natural and social environmental protection, and activation of rural communities are some of challenging tasks for the 21st century. National consensus on agriculture as a basic and public industry would be needed to solve these challenging tasks. Agricultural policy and extension education should be focused on encouraging farmers to achieve better production and management by developing their motivation and ability. Systematic and organizational efforts to make a better environment for farming and farm management should be the major target of agricultural policy and extension services in the future. To meet changing needs of farmer, agricultural extension services should change programs, functions, information sources, and methods of delivery to adopt experiential learning for farmers. Functions for consultation, suggestion and organization should be extended and advisory services for farmers should be emphasized by providing extension education.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.25-47
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• 2008

The Fishing Communities (so-called Uchongae) in Korea was legally established in 1962. It has been gradually expanded by quantity, and we have total 1,969 communities in 2006. The major establishment purpose of Uchongae was put 2 functions. The first function is to make up the double industry structure in coastal region, and second function is to make economical condition for Uchongae. Nevertheless the Fishing Communities System in Korea was not successfully developed after first beginning. The Income gap have become heavily between fishing area and non - fishing area, including agricultural area. The income gap has been due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in Korea. And the income gap even have become heavily among Uchongaes. In this paper, It have been researched the degree of Income inequality among Uchongaes in Korea during 1986-2006. The income inequality degree was analyzed by Gini coefficient and Mean Log Deviation (MLD) using Lorenz Curve. According to analysis result, the Gini coefficient of Uchongaes in Korea has been about 2-times high from 0.0847 to 0.1770 during 20 years. And the MLD has been 5.4 times from 0.0125 to 0.0679 during same periods. This means to more wide the general Income Inequality among the Uchongaes in Korea. Especially, It means to more wide the gap of high ranking Uchongaes and low ranking Uchongaes that MLD index multiplier has been more high.