• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.561-572
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• 2017

The global commercial cultivation of transgenic crops, including glyphosate-tolerant soybean, has increased widely in recent decades with potential impact on the environment. The bulk of previous studies showed different results on the effects of the release of transgenic plants on the soil microbial community, especially rhizosphere bacteria. In this study, comparative analyses of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soils and surrounding soils were performed between the glyphosate-tolerant soybean line NZL06-698 (or simply N698), containing a glyphosate-insensitive EPSPS gene, and its control cultivar Mengdou12 (or simply MD12), by a 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) amplicon sequencing-based Illumina MiSeq platform. No statistically significant difference was found in the overall alpha diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial communities, although the species richness and evenness of the bacteria increased in the rhizosphere of N698 compared with that of MD12. Some influence on phylogenetic diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial communities was found between N698 and MD12 by beta diversity analysis based on weighted UniFrac distance. Furthermore, the relative abundances of part rhizosphere bacterial phyla and genera, which included some nitrogen-fixing bacteria, were significantly different between N698 and MD12. Our present results indicate some impact of the glyphosate-tolerant soybean line N698 on the phylogenetic diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities together with a significant difference in the relative abundances of part rhizosphere bacteria at different classification levels as compared with its control cultivar MD12, when a comparative analysis of surrounding soils between N698 and MD12 was used as a systematic contrast study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.14-23
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to preserve the sustainable traditional landscape of the "Terraced Paddy Fields of Gacheon Village, Namhae". To this end, the changes in the traditional landscape and its factors were analyzed, and a conservation plan was sought to coexist with local communities. The results are as follows; First, the traditional scenery of "Terraced Paddy Fields of Gacheon Village, Namhae" is characterized by stonework built on a steep topography to secure cultivated land and narrow rice fields. To this end, local communities have maintained the traditional landscape through their long-established traditional knowledge, but after the designation of cultural heritage, the unique landscape of the "Terraced Paddy Fields of Gacheon Village, Namhae" changed as standardized stone construction methods were applied. Recently, the Cultural Heritage Administration recognized these problems and returned to the direct repair system of local communities, so cultivated land is regaining the scenery of the past. Second, the factors that changed the traditional landscape of the "Terraced Paddy Fields of Gacheon Village, Namhae" were largely found to be a decrease in voluntary conservation consciousness, a limited management range of preservation society, a decrease in agricultural population, and a lack of skilled traditional skills. After the designation of cultural heritage, expectations for policy support by the state or local governments accelerated the damage as existing farmland was neglected, and the lack of agricultural population also resulted in the same result. The preservation society is making efforts to preserve it, but the phenomenon of excessive and insufficient management personnel is intensifying. Conflicts between residents due to profit polarization have spread to the problem of escalating. In addition, there are concerns about the loss of traditional knowledge such as step farming technology and stone construction functions. Third, to suggest a win-win plan with local communities for preserving the traditional landscape, it is necessary to seek the ways to expand farming participants and generate profits through the placement of professional careers and public-private linkage system. In addition, it is desirable to improve the profit distribution system through the preservation society to strengthen the management authority and induce participation. And a support system is required for education on the transmission of terraced farming technology and stone construction functions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.415-418
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• 2008

The application of sludge wastes into agricultural fields has been increasing annually in Korea. In particular, sewage sludge application has been widely accepted in decades. Sewage sludge application aid in the recycling of essential nutrients and act as a source of organic matter improving the structure and water-holding properties of the soil. The efficient use of sludge wastes, however, requires an individual assessment of waste products. This study assessed the biological characteristics of organic waste-treated lysimeter soils and develop its indicator to assess the soil health of organic waste-treated lysimeter soils. Several analytical techniques more recently developed such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and community level substrate utilization (CLSU) fingerprints allow for detailed analyses of soil microbial communities. PLFA and RFLP was, therefore, used in the study to characterize the microbial communities in soil without the need to isolate individual fungi and bacteria. PLFA, RFLP and CLSU have been utilized to assess microbial characteristics of the lysimeter soils with four different sludge wastes for eight consecutive years. Each of these methods was analyzed for a different aspect of soil microbial characteristics. The study would disclose those methods yielded highly reproductive results for each soil and allow distinguishing the soils based on the structures of specific geneand PLFA-pools more than CLSU fingerprints. PLFA methods, especially, revealed the same relative similarities of the treated soils based on cluster analysis of the biological characteristics. Pig manure compost-treated soil, however, was only the same relative resemblance among the three methods. These results indicated that PLFA easily assessed the biological soil characterization.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2015

Water plays the fundamental role in sustaining the living system. Water scarcity is mostly experienced dramatically by people living in poverty, most of them in rural areas and often in the poorest countries. Burundi has been identified as one of those countries. This study aimed to analyze and estimate the current and future water demands in the seven communes surrounding Kibira National Park (KNP) in Burundi. Sectors such as households, livestock, agricultural production and industry as the key water users in the study area were considered. The results showed an alarming increase in future water demand. Water demand by food crops increased to $288,779,060m^3/yr$ in 2020 and $306,018,348m^3/yr$ in 2050. Agricultural sector will be demanding the major available water in the seven communes surrounding Kibira National Park except Muruta and Bukeye which showed that water demand for tea industry was the highest in 2050. The water resources could be the greatest challenges for the overall development of the communities surrounding Kibira National Park. The current water resources may not be enough and therefore may not be able to meet the needs of those seven communities around KNP.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.829-835
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• 2012

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased due to their economic and agronomic advantages. Before commercialization of GM crops, however, we must assess the potential risks of GM crops on human health and environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of Bt rice on the soil microbial community. Microbial communities were isolated from the rhizosphere soil cultivated with Bt rice and Nakdong, parental cultivar and were subjected to be analyzed using both culture-dependent and molecular methods. The total counts of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of transgenic and conventional rice were not significantly different. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that the bacterial community structures during cultural periods were very similar each other. Analysis of dominant isolates in the rhizosphere cultivated with Bt and Nakdong rice showed that the dominant isolates from the soil of Bt rice and Nakdong belonged to the Proteobacteria, Cloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. These results indicate that the Bt rice has no significant impact on the soil microbial communities during cultivation period. Further study remains to be investigated whether the residue of Bt rice effect on the soil environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles of different substrates and microbial communities. In experiment 1, nine diets (high-forage diet (forage:concentrate, e.g. F:C = 7:3, DM basis), medium-forage diet (F:C = 5:5, DM basis), low-forage diet(F:C = 1:9, DM basis), cracked corn, cracked wheat, soluble starch, tall elata (Festuca elata), perennial ryegrass and rice straw) were fermented in vitro by rumen microorganisms from local goats. The results showed that during 24 h incubations, for all substrates, disodium fumarate increased (p<0.05) the gas production, and tended to increase (p<0.10) the acetate, propionate and total VFA concentration and decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate, whereas no treatment effect was observed for the lactate concentration. The apparent DM loss for tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw increased (p<0.05) with the addition of disodium fumarate. With the exception of tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw, disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH (p<0.05) for all substrates. In experiment 2, three substrates (a high-forage diet, a medium-forage diet and a high concentrate diet) were fermented by mixed rumen microbes in vitro. A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of 24 h incubation. The results showed that when Festuca elata was used as substrate, the control and disodium fumarate treatments had similar DGGE profiles, with their similarities higher than 96%. As the ratio of concentrate increased, however, the similarities in DGGE profiles decreased between the control and disodium fumarate treatment. Overall, these results suggest that disodium fumarate is effective in increasing the pH and gas production for the diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, grain cereals and soluble starch, and in increasing dry matter loss for the forages (tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw) in vitro, whereas its effect on changes of ruminal microbial community may largely depend on the general nature of the substrate.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2013

Various microorganisms live in soil, of which those colonizing rhizosphere interact with nearby plants and tend to develop unique microbial communities. In this study, we isolated diverse actinomycetes from rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in fertilized (APK) and non-fertilized (NF) paddy soils, and investigated the diversity and antimicrobial activity of them. Using four kinds of selective media, 152 isolates were obtained from the soil samples and identified by determining 16S rRNA gene sequence. All of the isolates showed 99.0%~100.0% similarities with type strains and were classified into six genera: Dactylosporangium, Micromonospora, Kitasatospora, Promicromonospora, Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. Most of the isolates, 143 isolates, were classified into the genus Streptomyces. Additionally, many isolates had antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, especially Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast pathogen) in fungi. These findings demonstrated that rice rhizosphere can be a rich source of antagonistic actinomycetes producing diverse bioactive compounds.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2017

Tea is the most popular beverage in the world. The three main types are green, black, and post-fermented. Post-fermented teas are produced by the microbial fermentation of sun-dried green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). In this study, the composition of the bacterial communities involved in the production of traditional oriental post-fermented teas (Korean algacha, dancha, and Chinese pu-erh) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene analysis. The dominant microorganisms present in the post-fermented teas included the ${\alpha}$-proteobacteria Rhodobacteraceae and Sphingomonas, and the ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria Pantoea. Cluster analysis confirmed that the microbial populations present in both Korean and Chinese post-fermented teas grouped into the same class. Interestingly, the dominant microorganism present in the Korean post-fermented teas was a bacterium, while for the Chinese post-fermented tea, it was a fungus.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.679-700
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• 2013

Due to the decline of a rural community, traditional periodic markets regarded as a center of an agricultural village have been gradually downsized. While researchers have made a counterproposal to revitalize the traditional periodic markets, there has limit in examining how space structure of the traditional periodic markets affect visitors. Thus this study aims to analyze space structure and visitor circulation using a space syntax, a quantitative analysis focusing on PyeongChang Daehwa market. The finding revealed high degree of unification and clearness which means overall space structure was efficient for visitors to recognize and move across the space. However, there is required to build strategies encouraging consumption. The result of analyzing visitor circulation showed the degree of unification is the highest in visitor circulation where center of the market or main facilities is located. In sum, in order to revitalize deserted traditional periodic markets, rural communities need to work out strategies to encourage consumption and expand both information desk and convenience facilities.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among experience, perceived value, and satisfaction of rural tourists based on the experience economy(Pine, & Gilmore, 1998; 1999). In addition, this study included the moderating effect of length of stay on the proposed relationships. This study was attempt to develop measurement scales based on the theory of experience economy(Pine, & Gilmore, 1998). Data were collected from 481 visitors by field survey from the 10 rural tourism communities. SPSS 20.0 and Amos 18.0 statistical package were used for frequency, reliability, confirmatory factor, and structural equation modelling analysis. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis yielded four dimensions of experience(esthetics, education, escape, and entertainment). The results of structural equation modeling indicated that entertainment, esthetics, and education had positive effects on perceived value, which in turn had a positive effect on satisfaction. In addition, length of stay moderated the relationships among experience, perceived value, and satisfaction. The entertainment and esthetics among experience factor had an effects on perceived value in the group of day visit group, and the entertainment, education, and esthetics among experience factor had an effects on perceived value in the group of stay night group. And the perceived value had a positive effect on satisfaction in the all group. Therefore, in order to increase rural tourists' satisfaction effectively, practitioners needs to develop rural tourism products by considering area of experience economy including tourists' length of stay.