• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2000

In order to develop the enzymatic hydrolysis system concerned with taste and flavor, strains having the high hydrolyzing activity on the soy protein were selected from some traditional Mejus. Two molds and one bacterium producing enzymes which were different in character of hydrolysis were isolated and identified. Leucine and azodye enzyme activities of both M4 and M5 were relatively high among in the isolated molds. And, leucine enzyme activity of B16 was the lowest in the isolated bacteria. These strains were isolated as microorganisms having a dissimilar hydrolysis pattern on the soy protein by enzymatic reactions. Mold M4 on the culture solid media was mycelium colors of white and its sclerotia colors were changed from white to black. According to the result of slide culture, radial conidial head, subclavate vesicle, conidia of subglobose, stipes of uncolored with smooth walls and metula and phialides were existed. Because M4 was taxonomically similar to the characteristics of Aspergillus oryzae (ahlburg) species, M4 was identified and named as Aspergillus oryzae M4.Mold M5 showed white and black mycelium on the MEA medium. Mold M5 colony exhibited grayish-green color and have long(7 mm) sporangiophores at slide culture. Sporangia became brownish-gray and the wall of larger sporangia was broken to form small collars, and smaller sporangia were fomed continually from large basal membrane. Columella is globose and hyaline, and sporangiospores are ellipsoidal of small diameter$(80\;{\mu}m)$. Because M5 was taxonomically similar to the Mucor circinelloides of zygomycetes, M5 was was identified and named as Mucor circinelloides M5. Bacteria B16 colony was opaque white, circular and lobate, and had rod shaped endospore. B16 was found positive in stain, catalase, ${\beta}-glucosidse$ and V-P tests. B16 was found to utilize D-fructose, ${\alpha}-D-glucose$, maltose, D-mannose, D-raffinose, stachyose and sucrose. By the morphological and physiological results, the characteristics of B16 was thought to correspond to that of Bacillus megaterium. However, fatty acid composition was similar to Paenibacillus marcerans, requiring further study for the definite identification. Accordingly, Bacteria B16 was provisionally classified and named as Bacillus megaterium B16.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.261-268
• /
• 1987

A green house experiment was conducted to find out the differences in the amount of biologically fixed nitrogen and kjeldahl nitrogen on the different soil texture, kinds and amounts of fertilizer nitrogen under light (photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation) and dark (heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation) condition in submerged paddy soil. The reults obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The amount of biologically fixed nitrogen per mg carbon from different organic matter was obtained as 0.13 mg in glucose, 0.09 mg in rice straw, and 0.07 mg in refused mushroom compost and barley straw under 60 days of incubation. 2. Nitrogen fixing activities were decreased with increase of fertilizer nitrogen and those tendency was pronounced more in sandy soil with application of urea than that of ammonium sulfate. 3. The application of ammonium sulfate in sandy soil under light condition was increased the photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation and the applied urea was remarkably reduced the heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation in sandy soil. The proportion of biologically fixed total nitrogen after experiment in sandy soil was obtained as 25% for dark(heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation) and 75% for light (photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation) condition. On the other hand, very similar biological $N_2$-fixing tendency was obtained between kinds of nitrogen fertilizer and two light condition in clayey soil. 4. The kjeldahl nitrogen was remarkably decreased after experiment under dark condition with application of urea than that of light condition with ammonium sulfate, and no remarkable decreasing tendency was obtained in clayey soil between two kinds of fertilizer nitrogen. 5. The high significant positive correlationship was obtained between calculated biological nitrogen fixation by acetylene reducing activity and kjeldahl nitrogen after experiment under light (y=0.8488X-5.9632, $r=0.9928^{**}$, n=21) and dark (y=0.8795X-7.1056, $r=0.9782^{**}$, n=21) condition. In this experiment condition, conversion factors of 6:1 was obtained from biological nitrogen fixation to soil nitrogen.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.789-804
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to determine effects of supplementation levels of aqueous direct-fed microbials (DFM; Bacillus spp.) to TMR(exp. 1.) and aqueous DFM addition under the various ratios of starch and cellulose(exp. 2.) on ruminal fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity. In experiment 1, ruminal fluids taken from rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were incubated during 24 hr by using TMR as substrates. Aqueous DFM was applied at a rate of 0, 0.025 and 0.05%, respectively. The pH of 0.025% treatment was not significantly different from that of control at 6 and 9 hr, but it was significantly lower (P<0.05) than 0.05% treatment. Concentrations of ammonia-N and VFAs were not affected by supplementing aqueous DFM. The A:P ratio of 0.05% treatment was significantly increased(P<0.05) by supplementation of aqueous DFM as compared with that of control at 24 hr. Although overall fibrolytic enzyme activities were not significantly affected by supplementing aqueous DFM, CMCase(carboxymethylcellulase) activity showed significant increase(P<0.05) compared to control at 6hr. However, the xylanase activity of 0.05% treatment significantly decreased(P<0.05) at 12 hr due to the application of aqueous DFM. There was no significant difference for in vitro dry matter disappearance among treatments. In experiment 2, ruminal fluids were incubated under the condition of various ratios of starch to cellulose(90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 10:90) with or without aqueous DFM(0.025%). Ruminal pH was unaffected by the addition of aqueous DFM, however, as increased level of starch, ruminal pH partially showed significant decrease(P<0.05). Ammonia-N concentration was not affected by aqueous DFM and ratio of starch and cellulose. On 9 hr incubation, DFM addition at a ratio of 70:30 showed significantly (P<0.05) lower value of ammonia-N(35.65 mg/dL) than that(65.05 mg/dL) of control. Concentrations of VFAs were significantly increased(P<0.05) by aqueous DFM addition compared with control at the same ratio on 6 hr incubation. The overall CMCase activity was not affected by aqueous DFM addition. However, the xylanase activity by aqueous DFM partially showed significant differences at the ratios of 90:10, 30:70 and 10:90. Our results indicated that supplementation of aqueous DFM did not significantly improve in vitro fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity. In addition, the DFM utilized in this study did not show consistent results by having various effects on ruminal fermentation under different feeding regimens.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2007

Sweetpotato shoot tops (leaves, tips and petioles) are known to be very useful parts as vegetables because of their high nutritive values and great biomass yield. In this study, the phenolic compound contents, antibacterial activity, mutagenic activity, and antimutagenic activity were investigated in sweetpotato tips that were 10-15cm of shoot top including stems, petioles and tender leaves after sprout of storage roots. The study was done by extracting sweetpotato tips with 80% ethanol and the ethanol fraction was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. In ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, total phenolic compounds contained 95. 6mg/g extract and 69.3 mg/g extract, respectively, The antibacterial activity was measured using the paper disk method with concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/disk of butanol and ethyl acetate fractions against L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium strains. Higher doses of solvent extracts showed the higher antibacterial activities. In addition, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL of the extracts were tested to determine the antibacterial activity in liquid culture. The sweetpotato leaf extract by ethyl acetate showed 1 log reduction compared to control after 24 hrs on Listeria monocytogenes, but 20 mg/ml of butanol extract completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen after 12 hrs. The extracts from ethyl acetate or butanol on Salmonella Typhimurium did less than 1 log reduction during cultivation compared to control. The numbers of S. Typhimirium TA98 and TA100 revertant colonies were 29-33 and 159-188 CFU/plate, respectively, indicating that solvent extracts were no mutagenic activity. The antimutagenic test was performed by adding direct mutagen 2-NF and MMS, and butanol and ethyl acetate showed antimutagenic effect. Thus, this study showed that sweetpotato tips had high phenolic contents and both antimicrobiol and antimutagenic properties. Sweetpotato tips would be good nutritive source because of their high nutrient content without any toxicity in consuming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.411-420
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to increase sweetpotato utilization and to determine the vegetative value of sweetpotato tips by investigating the phenolic compounds, antioxidative effect in oil, electron donating ability, nitrite scavenging effect and ACE inhibition activities. The phenolic compounds present in sweetpotato tips are the gallic, chlorogenic, gentisic, caffeic, couramic and ferulic acid, which are 16-122 times higher compared to other vegetables such as spinach, soybean sprout, and perilla leaves. In each solvent extract, the total phenolic compounds(175.8 mg/g) was composed of 55% EtOAc extraction and 39% BuOH extract, respectively. The results of induction period using the Rancimat method showed that the antioxidant activity of SP tips was higher than the tocopherol or BHT. The relative levels of each solvent extract in SP tips were as follows: EtOAc>BHT>BuOH>Tocopherol>Water>$CHCl_3$>Hexane. The peroxide value was measured every 5 days for 25 days during storage and results showed that the peroxide value, the tips, tuberous root and tocopherol were lower compared to spinach, soybean sprout and perilla leaves. Nitrite scavenging effects were excellent in sweetpotato tips, perilla leaves and soybean sprout, especially, inhibition rate of perilla leaves(72%) were superior to the others. In process of solvent extraction, activity of BuOH and water extractions were the best. ACE inhibition activity in sweetpotato tips was 1.5 times higher than in tuberous roots and $1.9{\sim}3.7$ times higher than in spinach, soybean sprout, perilla leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 2020

This study aims to analyze the developed characteristics of the knowledge and information of gardens through garden or flowering plant books compiled in the 15th and 19th centuries of Joseon Dynasty. Diachronically analysis of the garden or flowering plant books classified the characteristics in which knowledge and information about gardens are developed by the period, and looked at the factors. The results are as follows; First, the relationship between the authors who compiled the garden or flowering plant books had similar characteristics to the genealogy of Realist School of Confucianism(實學) in the Joseon Dynasty. Kang, Hee-An's practical features influenced later realist school of confucianism scholars. Lee, Su-Gwang has accumulated knowledge of the garden through his experience of traveling the diplomatic envoy to China. Since then, Hong Man-sun's ideology has been related to Charles, a member of the Southerners. Seo Yu-gu was also able to accept Realist School of Confucianism in an integrated way through the Jungnong school's theory and interaction with the Jungsang school. Ryu, Jung-Lim's relationship with the Jungnong school emerged as he added to the 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』. Second, the 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 「Hwuimok(卉木)」, 『Hangjeongrok(閑情錄)』, 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Hwaamsurok(花庵隨錄)』 and 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Yewonji(藝畹志)」 contain garden plant characteristics, cultivation methods, and management methods. The 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Seomyongji(贍用志)」, 「Iunji(怡雲志)」, 「Sangtaekji(相宅志)」 contain details on the location selection of gardens, the layout of facilities, how to create them and materials. The description of these garden or flowering plant books was found to be the most common introduction with 55 percent, followed by methodologies(42.8%), the Lichi Theory(理氣論, 15.5%), the classification(12.4%), and the convention(1.9%). Third, based on the importance of knowledge and information on gardens, the garden or flowering plant books related to the period were classified as early period, including 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 which were compiled before the 17th century. The 18th-century compiled 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 and 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 were classified as middle period, and the 19th-century compilation of 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 was classified as late period. The garden or flowering plant books were cited the contents of ancient Chinese books, the author's experiences and opinions contained in the preceding period in later garden books. And the reinforcement of garden knowledge was made to reflect the agricultural technology and expertise developed at the time of writing. Fourth, based on analysis of the development and acceptance of knowledge information in garden by period, In the early period was dealing with floriculture as a way to explore the logic of things. Later, in the 18th century, a vast influx of garden knowledge information came from China. Among scholars, they secured justification for garden creation as part of various knowledge-seeking activities, which expanded their expertise in gardens. In response to the trend of gardening in the 19th century, professional books were written based on knowledge and information on gardens that were collected in the past, and systems were established such as the collection and management of garden plants, construction methods, enjoying methods, and self-realization.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.795-802
• /
• 2011

To determine the deacidification factor during carbonic maceration (CM), different temperature conditions were studied. The pH was higher in CM-$35^{\circ}C$ and CM-$25^{\circ}C$ and was lower in CM-$45^{\circ}C$. The total acid was inversely related to the pH. The malic-acid level decreased much more in CM-$35^{\circ}C$ than in CM-$45^{\circ}C$ while the lactic-acid level increased much more in CM-$35^{\circ}C$. The activity of the NADP-malic enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate into pyruvate, $CO_2$, and NADPH, was higher in CM-$25^{\circ}C$ and CM-$35^{\circ}C$ while CM-$45^{\circ}C$ showed no NADP-malic enzyme activity. The malic-dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was higher in CM-$25^{\circ}C$ and CM-$35^{\circ}C$ while CM-$45^{\circ}C$ showed no MDH activity. The oxalacetate decarboxylase activity was similar to the NADP-malic-enzyme and MDH activities. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity was shown in all the CM treatments. The L-lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not explored in the fermentation of pyruvate to lactate via LDH in the grapes during CM. In this study, it was confirmed that carbonic maceration reduced the malic acid during fermentation and was affected by the temperature. Moreover, it was assumed that the deacidification during the carbonic maceration of the grapes was probably correlated with the degradation enzyme activity of malic acid.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.175-184
• /
• 2000

This study which applies to the 403 healthy people who don't have particular diseases recently(193 urban aged. 210 rural aged) among male and female aged over 60 years old living in Daegu(city) and Gyungbook(agricultural village) is fulfilled from November 1st to December 31st by interview using the questioned paper which researcher developed, and reached to these tallowing conclusions. 1. Every aged men independent of the place residence answered positively yes but aged women had weak assurance of their health. Especially $38.6\%$ of rural aged women said yes and $51.4\%$ of rural aged women said no. 2. In the sleep and well-regulated life, urban and rural aged generally marked on the sound sleep. Compared with male and female, men answered they had better sleep and regulated life than women. 3. The percentage of the urban and rural aged's judgement on their activity was high and the percentage of the rural aged was lower than the percentage of the urban aged. 4. While $62.6\%$ of urban aged answered they were active. $38.6\%$ of rural female aged answered yes, This shows that the rural female aged regard their health is not good. 5. Compared with same generation. urban aged ranked lower than urban aged in the confidence of physical strength. Especially rural need women answered $42.1\%$ of them were weaker than the same generation. This shows that rural aged women don't have confidence in general physical activities. 6. Taking exercises three times a week which can influence on health cue to sixties and seventies aged ranked $26.1\%$, rarely do is $18.8\%$ and never do is$28.8\%$. Urban and rural aged do not exercise on the purpose of health. 7. The reason of exercise was to advance the physical strength and quality of motion$(34.9\%)$ to get rid of stress$(13.4\%)$ and to prevention of adult illness$(27.8\%)$, prevention of fatness$(15.3\%)$. Aged have a correct understanding that exercise can promote health and protect from the diseases of adult people because the items about the diseases of adult people was marked high. 8. Among the subject of total investigation, 209 persons answered. It showed necessary to recognize that the exercise is still important essential part between adult illness and health care. 9. The $67.7\%$ of urban aged men answered yes in the question of undergoing a physical examination but the rate of not undergoing a physical examination was high in rural aged and urban aged women. According to this, there were the difference of consciousness about health between urban and rural aged. and men and women. 10. Among the people who haying undergone the physical examination, $80.3\%$ of the aged went back to the hospital again because of the result. 11. In the case of stroke, most aged answered the would be placed under medical care. but $53.9\%$ of rural aged women answered they would rely on Chinese medicine. According to this. aged preferred Chinese medicine in some particular diseases. 2. The $58.1\%$ of whole object of this study answered that stroke would be recovered.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.258-267
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidative and neuroprotective effect of pig skin extracts (PS) and pig skin gelatin hydrolysates (LPS) using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). The extraction yield of PS was 3 fold higher than that of LPS. The protein content of PS was about 10 fold higher than that of LPS (p<0.05). Also LPS increased antioxidative activity dose dependently, and the activity was significantly higher than PS at all concentration (p<0.05). DPPH radical scavenging activity of LPS at 50 mg/mL was 92.97%, which was similar to $1{\mu}M$ vitamin C as a positive control. ABTS radical scavenging activity of LPS (20 mg/mL) was 89.83% and oxygen radical absorbance capacity of LPS at 1 mg/mL was $141.39{\mu}M$ Trolox Equvalent/g. No significant change of human neuroblastoma cells was determined by MTT test. Cell death by oxidative stress induced by $H_2O_2$ and amyloid beta 1-42 ($A{\beta}_{1-42}$) was protected by LPS rather than PS. Acetylcholine esterase was significantly inhibited, by up to 33.62% by LPS at 10 mg/mL. Therefore, these results suggest that pig skin gelatin hydrolysates below 3 kDa have potential to be used as anti-oxidative and neuroprotective functional additives in the food industry, while further animal test should be determined in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.264-277
• /
• 1994

In Korea the concept of social support was first used as a research concept in nursing and has not had much application in the clinical field. Another problem is that research on social support has used a direct translation of the words “social support” into Korean as “sawhejuk jiji”. Three questions were posed to direct the re-search. 1) Is there a concept of social support in Korean society? 2) if so, what words or expressions are used to de-scribe it? 3) further, if so, how is social support structured and how does it function? In order to answer the research questions a three-step research methodology was used : The first step consisted of a literature review on re-search related to social support and on information on the background of, and the way of thinking re-lated to interpersonal relations among Korean people. The second step, which was done to identify whether there is a concept of social support in korean society, involved interviewing a sample of the population. The third step involved a panel discussion that included the members of the research team and three consultants, a sociologist, a philosopher and a scholor in korean literature. A review of the literature on interpersonal relationships in traditional korean society identified a four cirole structure that explains interpersonal relationships. The first circle with “me” at the center is the family but here “me” disappears into the “we” that is essential for a cooperative agricultural society. In the second circle are those close to “me” but outside the family. The third circle includes those with whom “I ” have infrequent but regular contact and with whom correct conduct is important. The last circle is all the people with whom “I” have nothing in common. They are excluded in interpersonal relationships. The literature on interpersonal relationships showed that within the traditional Korean society people lived in villages where most people were very familiar with each other. “Yun”, the social network established the connection and “Jung”, the feeling of affection increased with time as the connection was strengthened. In the traditional village psychological support was provided through “Mallaniki”, “Pumashi” and “Kae” with the latter two also providing material support. In modern Korea there are more informal and formal social networks, like social services and community activities on the formal level and cultural and leisure groups along with “kae’s on the informal level. But even with this modern variety of groups, most social support comes from informal networks that resemble the traditiorlal “Pumashi”, “Kai” md “Mallaniki”. The six member research team interviewed 65 people in order to identify whether there is a concept of social support and then analysed their responses. There were 20 different words describing the reception of the social support and these could be grouped into seven major categories : virtuous, fortunate, helped, supported, blessed, attached(receiving affection) and receiving (grace) benevolence. there were 27 words describing the act of social support which could be categorized into seven major categories : love, looking after, affection(attachment), kindness(goodness), faith, psychological help and material help. for the meaning of social support translated as “sawhe juk jiji” there were a total of 14 different answers which could be categorized into 3 major categories : help, agreement, and faith. In third step, the results of the literature review and the answers to the questions were discussed in a pannel. The results of the discussion led to the following definition of social support in Korea which is shaped like a the four sided pyramid on a base. Social support is the apex of the pyramid and four sides are made up of : “do-oom” (both emotional and material help), “jung” (connectedness, or relationship bound by affection, regard or shared common experience ), “midum” (faith or belief in), “eunhae” (kindness or benevolence). The research team identified “Yun”( the basic network of relationships) as the base of the pyramid and as such the foundation for the components of social support in Korean culture. On “Yun” rest the other four components of social support : “Jung”, “Midum”, “Do-oom”, and “Eunhae”, For social support to take place there must be “Yun”. This is an important factor in social support. In private social network “Jung” is an essential factor in social support. But not in the public social network. “Yun” is a condition for “Jung” and “Jung” is the manifestation of support.