• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.111-128
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• 1991

In puan area the environmental surveys were carried out at two farms of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria from April 1987 to November 1978 in order to know heather the farm environments could be rehabilitated for the cultivation of hard clam or not. The range of temperature of surface seawater was $10.7{\~}27.4^{\circ}C$, pH $7.6{\~}8.2$, salinity $22.3{\~}30.3$ ppt, COD $0.20{\~}4.71\;mg/{\ell}$, sulfide $0.04{\~}0.22\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$, suspended solid $34.8{\~}199.3\;mg/{\ell}$ chlorophyll a $3.71{\~}49.02\;mg/m^3$, TIN $2.01{\~}24.47\;{\mu}g-a5./{\ell}$, phosphate $0.60{\~}11.03\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$ and silicate $4.04{\~}476.36\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$. The range of temperature of substratum (bottom soil) was $14.2{\~}29.7^{\circ}C$, pH $8.3{\~}9.5$, water content of substratum was $0.28{\~}0.49\;mg/g$ dried mud, COD $2.80{\~}50.94\;mg/g$ dried mud, total organic matter $1.05{\~}1.97\%$ concentration of total Kjedhal nitrogen $31.9{\~}194.9\;{\mu}g./{\ell}$ dried mud, and sulfide $0.032{\~}0.133\;mg/g$ dried mud. Fine sand was dominant ranging over $92{\~}95\%$ and silt and clay was $2.8{\~}8.1\%$ of the composition of substratum. Some residual agricultural chemicals, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}$-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, DDE, DDT and dieldrin were detected in hard clams collected from Puan areas. Especialy, more chemical were detected during the period of rainfalls. From above results, it is considered that the hard clam frams were not yet recovered from deteriorated conditions for aquaculture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to verify the drying characteristics of seasoned red pepper sauce and establish optimal drying conditions for far infrared drying of seasoned red pepper sauce. Seasoned red pepper sauce, which was dried by heated air, was used. One kg of seasoned red pepper was spread at thicknesses of 10 and 20 mm and dried by a far infrared dryer until a final moisture content of $15{\pm}0.5%$. The far infrared dryer conditions were air velocity of 0.6, 0.8 m/s and drying temperatures of 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$. The drying models were estimated using a determination coefficient and root mean square error. Drying characteristics were analyzed based on factors such as drying rate, color changes, content of capsaicinoids, and energy consumption. The results can be summarized as follows. The drying rate (that is, drying time) tended to be reduced as temperature and air velocity for drying increased. The Page and Henderson models were suitable for drying of seasoned red pepper sauce by a far infrared dryer. Redness decreased after far infrared drying under all experimental conditions. The color difference was 18.18 under the following conditions: thickness 20 mm, temperature $70^{\circ}C$, and air velocity 0.8 m/s. This value was slightly higher than those under other far infrared drying conditions. The capsaicinoid properties of seasoned red pepper sauce decreased under all far infrared drying conditions. The highest capsaicin (19.91 mg/100 g) and dihydrocapsaicin (12.87 mg/100 g) contents were observed at a thickness of 10 mm, temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, and air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Energy consumption decreased with higher temperature, slower air velocity, and thinner seasoned red pepper sauce.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제88권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the different tree species(Q. spp., L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis) about the chemical properties of throughfall and stemflow, to purify the acid rain at Kyung Hee Univ. experimental forest, Gwangju-gun, Kyunggi-do. The water quality of the precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in each forest stands were analyzed chemically. The throughfall pH ranges were Q. spp.(pH 4.96-6.34), L. leptolepis(pH 3.96-6.41) and P. koraiensis(pH 4.11-6.36), and the stemflow pH ranged Q. spp.(pH 4.33-6.05), L. leptolepis(pH 3.59-6.09) and P. koraiensis(pH 3.60-6.13). pH values of throughfall and stemflow to the precipitation were Q. spp. higer than L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis, while distribution range was small. Therefore, buffering capacity about the precipitation in the tree species trended Q. spp. bigger than L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis. Nearly all concentration of dissolved elements were precipitation${\leq}$throughfall${\leq}$stemflow. The cation ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $NH_4{^+}$), and anion($Cl^-$ and $NO_3{^-}$) were increased. Especially the concentration of $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $NH_4{^+}$ and $Cl^-$ were noticeable. In comparing concentration of dissolved elements of throughfall with each tree species, $Ca^{2+}$ concentration was Q. spp.$NH_4{^+}$ was Q. spp.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• 제23권2호통권73호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The characteristics of protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP) which were isolated and purified from the sawdust mycelia of Agrocybe cylindracea were investigated. The yield of crude protein-bound polysaccharides (Fr.CB) extracted with boiling water and precipitated with 95% ethanol, was 0.74% based on the original sawdust mycelia. The Fr.CB was purified by the membrane filtration, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The Fr.B fraction of which the molecular weight is over 300 KDa, was isolated from the Fr.CB using membrane filtration, and the yield was 38.6% based on the Fr.CB. This result indicates that high molecular protein-bound polysaccharides are the dominent components of the Fr.CB. Two fractions (Fr.B-1, Fr.B-2) were also isolated from the Fr.B using ion exchange chromatography, and the yields were 17.3% (Fr.B-1) and 10.3% (Fr. B-2), respectively. The Fr.B-1 was concentrated and gel-filtrated, and the single peak, thought to be nearly pure protein-bound polysaccharides, was obtained. The yield of final fraction $(Fr.B-1-{\beta})$ was 42.5% based on the Fr.B-1. The molecular weight of $Fr.B-1-{\beta}$ was nearly 710 KDa. The monosaccharides' composition of $Fr.B-1-{\beta}$ was analized by HPLC, and glucose was the dominent component, and fucose and galactose were also detected. The result of amino acid analysis was that glutamic acid and analysis were detected to a significant level, and cysteine was not detected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.339-344
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effect of germinated Ilpum rough rice extract on blood glucose in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. The mice were divided into several groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), those fed with 0.25% germinated Ilpum rough rice extract (DM-0.25%GIRRE), those fed with 0.5% germinated Ilpum roughrice extract (DM-0.5%GIRRE) and those fed with 1% germinated Ilpum rough rice extract (DM-1%GIRRE). After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight, water intake, and diet intake of the DM-1%GIRRE group were significantly lower than the other DM groups. Blood glucose levels of the DM-1%GIRRE group were significantly lower compared to the DC group. Fasting blood glucose HbA1c level and total glucose tolerance test were significantly lower in the DM-1%GIRRE groups compared to the DC group. There was no significant difference in serum insulin level among each group. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that germinated Ilpum rough rice extract alleviates many of the symptoms of diabetes in genetically obese mice and may offer a possibility as a therapeutic supplement for the normalization of blood glucose levels in humans with hyperglycemia. It may also have beneficial effects in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: The ferronickel and rapid cooling slags used in present study are industrial wastes derived from a steel factory in Korea. These slags are used as almost road construction materials after magnetic separation. However, the use of slag to remove phosphorus from wastewater is still a relatively less explored. The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of ferronickel slag (FNS) and rapid cooling slag (RCS) as sorbents for phosphorus removal in wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption characteristics of the FNS and RCS for the phosphorus. Adsorption behaviour of the phosphorus by the FNS and RCS was evaluated using both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations. FNS and RCS were divided into two sizes as effective sizes. Effective sizes of FNS and RCS were 0.5 and 2.5 mm, respectively. The adsorption capacities (K) of the phosphorus by the FNS and RCS were in the order of RCS 0.5 (0.5105) > RCS 2.5 (0.3572) ${\gg}$ FNS 2.5 (0.0545) ${\fallingdotseq}$ FNS 0.5 (0.0400) based on Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacities (a; mg/kg) of the phosphorus determined by the Langmuir isotherms were in the order of RCS 0.5 (3,582 mg/kg) > RCS 2.5 (2,983 mg/kg) > FNS 0.5 (320 mg/kg) ${\fallingdotseq}$ FNS 2.5 (187 mg/kg). RCS 0.5 represented the best sorbent for the adsorption of phosphorus. In the experiment, the Langmuir model showed better fit with our data than the Freundlich model. CONCLUSION: This study indicate that the use of RCS in constructed wetlands or filter beds is a promising solution for phosphorus removal via adsorption and precipitation mechanisms.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2011

Recent outbreak of new diseases and pests which were introduced from abroad, seriously hampered both quality and safety of paprika fruits. This study has been carried out to aid an establishment of guideline for safe use of pesticides and reduction of their residues on paprika. Systemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin of either mixed (a.i.; 13.6+6.8%) or single (a.i.; 47 and 18.8%, respectively) water dispersible granule formulation(WG) products were sprayed with recommended or double dosage on paprika grown in green house at March and June. To draw pre-harvest residue limit, residues of each fungicide were analyzed from fruits collected eight times from 18 to 1 day pre-harvest. The biological half-lives of both boscalid and pyraclostrobin in mixed formulation in March and June were slightly shorter than those of single formulation which ranged from 14.4 to 20.1 days. Residue levels of both fungicides of single formulation in fruits in June were about one lower compared to those in March. However, application of double dosage frequently exceeded MRLs from fruits grown both seasons. These results showed that residue levels on fruits persisted longer period of time, more than two weeks, and so the case applied in winter season. The dissipation of fungicides on leaves and fruits was compared. The distribution of both fungicides in leaves was 20-200 times higher than that of fruits and persisted up to 18 days of pre-harvest period at the concentration of 10-40 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. This study indicated that the mixed formulation product exhibited low residues in fruits, but high and long enough to pathogen growth in leaves.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary salt levels on the performance in laying hens and broilers. In experiment 1, 108 Avian broilers of 21 days age were conducted to evaluate broiler's performance. The broilers were divided into 6 treatment groups with 6 pens (3 broilers/pen), and 134 diets with different levels of salt with 0.25 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and $2.5\%$, respectively, for 3 weeks $(3\~5 weeks)$. The feed intake was not affected by the treatments. However, moisture content in feces was increased as increasing levels of dietary salt (P<0.05). In experiment 2, 135 ISA Brown laying hens were used to evaluate on performance of laying hens. The dietary supplementation of salt levels were prepared at 0.25 (control), 1, 2, 3 and $4\%$, respectively, for 4 weeks. Feed intake was decreased as increasing the dietary salt levels during the experiment (P<0.05). Particularly, it was lower in $3\%\;and\;4\%$ salt level treatments compared with the control (P<0.05). As expected, water intake was increased as increasing the dietary salt levels (P<0.05). Therefore, the present results could indicate that dietary salt content need to be considered for broilers and laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.302-306
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• 2009

The principal objective of this investigation was to identify adequate species for the harvest of Perilla frutescens leaves, which provide profound antioxidant activities, and harbor abundant caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid. Namchun, Donggeul-2, Bora, Sae-bora and Neul-bora variants of the plant were assessed herein. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant effects of these plants, and utilized an HPLC system to verify their caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents. Dried Perilla frutescens leaves were boiled at a temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ for three hours, and were lyopholized in a freezedryer. The extracts were then processed in order to confirm their antioxidant activities via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, total flavonoid content and total polyphenol content assays. According to the observed antioxidant results of the five tested species of Perilla frutescens leaves, Bora and Donggeul-2 were shown to have more potent antioxidant activities than the other tested variants. The scavenge 50% of DPPH radical ($SC_50$ of DPPH) values were 241 ${\mu}g$ DM/mL in Donggeul-2 and 261 ${\mu}g$ DM/mL in Bora. Based on the results of the FRAP assay, the Bora variant showed a value of 796 mM $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O/g$ DM, and Donggeul-2 exhibited a value of 748 mM $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O/g$ DM, of which the total polyphenol contents were measured as 69.4 g GAE/kg DM and 61.8 g GAE/kg DM, respectively. Moreover, the Bora variant had the highest level of caffeic acid, and Donggeul-2 showed the highest rosmarinic acid content among the tested samples (0.87 mg/100 g wet base and 121 mg/100 g wet base, respectively). According to the results of this experiment, we selected two species, Bora and Donggeul-2, which were both verified to contain adequate and favorable antioxidant activities.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways to evaluate the effectiveness of storage sections of the round bale silage of fresh rice straw (RS). This study evaluated, the changes of the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the different sectors of the RS after a certain period; a month later after the bailing, samples of three different RS (bale one, bale two, and bale three) were taken according to the three different sectors (top, center, and the bottom) of the bale. According to the findings of this study there was no significant difference in the RS's chemical composition content among the different sectors (top, center, or the bottom) of the bale. The possible reason for this is believed that on the basis of different sectors of the bale, the moisture (the water soluble nutrient) movement didn't occur and was locked in and couldn't escape, because the dry matter content of the rice straw was as high as $70\%$. After immediately harvesting the paddies, using the fresh rice straw to produce RS at the same time when the dry matter content is in between $26{\sim}40\%$, the chemical composition was found to be of a good quality. Accordingly, it is recommended that when the dry matter content is in between $35{\sim}45\%$, in order to produce RS with the fine chemical composition of 'Yonchon' region, bailing should be done simultaneously with the harvesting of paddies, before the first frost appears.